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1. ↑ Wolff, Robert Lee (1948). "Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople". Speculum 23 (1): 1–34, especially 2–3. DOI:10.2307/2853672.
2. ↑ Morley, Neville (17 August 2010). The Roman Empire: Roots of Imperialism. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-0-7453-2870-6. ; Diamond, Jared (4 January 2011). Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed: Revised Edition. p. 13. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-1-101-50200-6. 
3. ↑ Bennett (1997). sfnp error: no target: CITEREFBennett1997 (help)
4. ↑ ^{៤,០ ៤,១} DK (2023) (ជាen). Ancient Rome: The Definitive Visual History. Dorling Kindersley Limited. pp. 276. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-0-241-63575-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=QrKTEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0. 
5. ↑ Classen, Albrecht (2010). "The changing shape of Europe" (ជាen). Handbook of Medieval Studies: Terms – Methods – Trends. Walter de Gruyter. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-3-11-021558-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=ez_edSWAQGAC&newbks=0. "Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople" 
6. ↑ Price, Jonathan J.; Finkelberg, Margalit; Shahar, Yuval (2022) (ជាen). Rome: An Empire of Many Nations. Cambridge University Press. pp. 19. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-1-009-25622-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=T4lmEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0. "the capital of the Empire was transferred from Rome to Constantinople in the fourth century" 
7. ↑ Erdkamp, Paul (2013) (ជាen). The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Rome. Cambridge University Press. pp. 202. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-0-521-89629-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=yaM0AAAAQBAJ&newbks=0. "Constantine sounded the death knell for Rome as a vital political centre with the dedication of his new imperial capital at Constantinople" 
8. ↑ Bjornlie, M. Shane (2013) (ជាen). Politics and Tradition Between Rome, Ravenna and Constantinople: A Study of Cassiodorus and the Variae, 527-554. Cambridge University Press. pp. 41. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-1-107-02840-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=VI3ebybOl0oC&newbks=0. "As a new capital, Constantinople provided a stage for imperial prestige that did not depend on association with the traditions of the senatorial establishment at Rome" 
9. ↑ Coffler, Gail H. (2004) (ជាen). Melville's Allusions to Religion: A Comprehensive Index and Glossary: A Comprehensive Index and Glossary. ABC-CLIO. pp. 181. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-0-313-07270-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=v_GoZpiIpAEC&newbks=0. "It became Constantinople, capital of the entire Roman Empire" 
10. ↑ Maxwell, Kathleen (2016). "Art and Diplomacy in Late Thirteenth-century Constantinople: Paris 54 and the Union of Churches" (ជាen). Between Constantinople and Rome: An Illuminated Byzantine Gospel Book (Paris gr. 54) and the Union of Churches. Routledge. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-1-351-95584-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=G0uoDQAAQBAJ&newbks=0. "Constantine the Great, the emperor who moved the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Constantinople" 
11. ↑ Grig, Lucy; Kelly, Gavin (2012) (ជាen). Two Romes: Rome and Constantinople in Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. pp. 237. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-0-19-992118-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=HHlpAgAAQBAJ&newbks=0. 
12. ↑ Loewenstein, K. (2012) (ជាen). The Governance of ROME. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 443. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-94-010-2400-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=7uMRBwAAQBAJ&newbks=0. 
13. ↑ Harris, Jonathan (2009) (ជាen). Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium. A&C Black. pp. 31. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-0-8264-3086-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=UTjUAwAAQBAJ&newbks=0. 
14. ↑ Treadgold (1997), p. 734. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFTreadgold1997 (help)
15. ↑ Tricht, Filip Van (2011) (ជាen). The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204-1228). BRILL. pp. 61–82. ល.ស.ប.អ. 9789004203235. https://books.google.com/books?id=JlnPm2riK1UC&q=imperator+constantinopolitanus&pg=PA68. 
16. ↑ ^{១៦,០ ១៦,១ ១៦,២} Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D". Social Science History 3 (3/4). DOI:10.2307/1170959.
17. ↑ (2006)"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research 12 (2). ISSN 1076-156X. Retrieved on 9 ឧសភា 2023.
18. ↑ Durand, John D. (1977). "Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation". Population and Development Review 3 (3): 253–296. DOI:10.2307/1971891.

1. ↑ Other ways of referring to the "Roman Empire" among the Romans and Greeks themselves included Res publica Romana or Imperium Romanorum (also in Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων – ទំព័រគំរូ:Grc-tr – ["Dominion ('kingdom' but interpreted as 'empire') of the Romans"] and Romania. Res publica means Roman "commonwealth" and can refer to both the Republican and the Imperial eras. Imperium Romanum (or "Romanorum") refers to the territorial extent of Roman authority. Populus Romanus ("the Roman people") was/is often used to indicate the Roman state in matters involving other nations. The term Romania, initially a colloquial term for the empire's territory as well as a collective name for its inhabitants, appears in Greek and Latin sources from the 4th century onward and was eventually carried over to the Eastern Roman Empire^[១]
2. ↑ Fig. 1. Regions east of the Euphrates river were held only in the years 116–117.
3. ↑ In 286, Emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire into two administrative units–East and West–an arrangement that periodically returned until the two halves were permanently divided in 395.^[៤] Although the halves were independent in practice, the Romans continued to consider the Roman Empire to be a single undivided state with two co-equal emperors until the fall of the western half in 476/480.^[៤] Although emperors at times governed from other cities (notably Mediolanum and Ravenna in the West and Nicomedia in the East), Rome remained the de jure capital of the entire Roman Empire until Emperor Constantine I transferred the capital to Constantinople ("New Rome") in 330, henceforth the new capital of the entire empire.^{[៥][៦][៧][៨][៩][១០]} For a time, mostly over the course of the later decades of the fourth century, Rome continued to hold greater symbolic status on account of its greater antiquity as imperial capital.^[១១] From at least 361 onwards, senators belonging to the new senate in Constantinople enjoyed the same status and privileges as senators of the Roman Senate, to which the new senate was largely identical.^[១២] By 450, Constantinople was much grander in size and adornment than Rome and unquestionably senior in status.^[១៣]
4. ↑ In 1204, the crusaders of the Fourth Crusade captured Constantinople and established the Latin Empire. The city remained under foreign rule until 1261, when it was captured by the Empire of Nicaea (a Byzantine/Roman successor state). Nicaea is usually considered the "legitimate" continuation of the Roman Empire during the "interregnum" 1204–1261 (over its rivals in Trebizond and Thessalonica) since it managed to retake Constantinople.^[១៤] Whether there was an interregnum at all is debatable given that the crusaders envisioned the Latin Empire to be the same empire as its predecessor (and not a new state).^[១៥]
5. ↑ Abbreviated "HS". Prices and values are usually expressed in sesterces; see #Currency and banking for currency denominations by period.