Pen mata bola
Pen mata bola, juga dikenali sebagai "biro"[1] dan "pen bebola", adalah pen yang menyebarkan dakwat melalui bola logam pada hujungnya, contohnya. melalui "titik bola". Logam yang sering digunakan adalah besi, tembaga, atau tungsten karbida.[2] Ia dicipta dan dibangunkan sebagai alternatid lebih bersih dan boleh diharap berbanding pen pelepah dan pen dakwat, dan ia kini merupakan alat menulis paling biasa digunakan diseluruh dunia:[3] millions are manufactured and sold daily.[4] Hasilnya, ia telah mempengaruhi seni dan reka bentuk grafik dan menggalakkan genre hasil seni.
Pengeluar pen menghasilkan pen mata bola khas bagi pasaran mewah dan pasaran pengumpul.
Bic Cristal merupakan pen mata bola pakai buang yang popular yang rekabentuknya diakui dalam koleksi kekal Muzium Kesenian Moden, New York.[5]
Rujukan
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V. Elaine Smay (1979). "New Designs; Ball-point pen uses erasable ink". Popular Science (July 1979, pg. 20). Dicapai pada February 2013. Check date values in:
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Garnham, Emily (16 April 2010). "Biro artist recreates Girl With A Pearl Earring masterpiece". Daily Express. London, England: Northern and Shell Media. OCLC 173337077. Dicapai pada June 2012. Check date values in:
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Dransfield, Rob; Needham, Dave (2005). GCE AS Level Applied Business Double Award for OCR. Heinemann Educational Publishers. m/s. 329. ISBN 978-0-435401-16-0. Dicapai pada February 2013. Check date values in:
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(bantuan) - ^ "Birome Ballpoint Pen Collection". Bios, Landmarks, Patents – ASME. ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers). 1996–2013.
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Ryan, James Gilbert; Schlup, Leonard C. (2006). Historical Dictionary of The 1940s. M.E. Sharpe, Inc. m/s. 40. ISBN 0-7656-0440-X. Dicapai pada February 2013. Check date values in:
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Cresce, Greg. "book review, "Politics, human intrigue flow through ballpoint pen's history"". Gyorgy Moldova; Ballpoint: A tale of Genius and Grit, Perilous Times, and the Invention that Changed the Way We Write; Winnipeg Free Press. Dicapai pada February 2013. Check date values in:
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Johnson, Cathy (2010). Watercolor tricks & techniques: 75 new and classic painting secrets (ed. illustrated, revised). Cincinnati, Ohio, USA: North Light Books. m/s. 123. ISBN 978-1-60061-308-1. OCLC 299713330. Dicapai pada July 2012. Check date values in:
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Holben Ellis, Margaret (1995). The care of prints and drawings (ed. reprint, illustrated). Lanham, Maryland, USA: Rowman Altamira. m/s. 101–103. ISBN 9780761991366. OCLC 33404294. Dicapai pada July 2012. Check date values in:
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Tizon, Natalia (2007). Art of Sketching (ed. illustrated). New York City, New York, USA: Sterling Publishing. m/s. 84. ISBN 9781402744235. OCLC 76951111. Dicapai pada July 2012. Check date values in:
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Attewill, Fred (29 September 2011). "Artist wins £6,000 art prize after using 3p ballpoint pens from Tesco". Metro. Kensington, London, England: Associated Newspapers Ltd. ISSN 1469-6215. OCLC 225917520. Dicapai pada July 2012. Check date values in:
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Warhol, Andy; Slovak, Richard; Hunt, Timothy (2007). Warhol Polaroid Portraits. New York City, New York, USA: McCaffrey Fine Art. m/s. intro. ISBN 9780979048418. OCLC 420821909. Dicapai pada July 2012. Check date values in:
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staff (2 February 2008). "Simply birolliant – the incredible 10ft 'photographs' drawn with a ballpoint pen". Daily Mail. England: Associated Newspapers Ltd. ISSN 0307-7578. OCLC 16310567. Dicapai pada June 2012. Check date values in:
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(bantuan) - ^ Honda, Takahiko (April 2011). "New York's Playful Ballpoint Picasso". 「月刊ギャラリー」(Gekkan Gallery Guide). Tokyo, Japan: Gallery Station Co., Ltd. 4: 27.
- ^ Mylne, James (2010). "About Ballpoints, & Using Them in Art". Biro Drawing.co.uk. James R. Mylne. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2012-11-28. Dicapai pada June 2012. Check date values in:
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(bantuan) - ^ Liddell, C.B. (Jan 2002). "Getting the ball rolling in harajuku". Tokyo Journal. Tokyo, Japan: Nexxus Communications K.K. 21 (241): 36–37. ISSN 0289-811X. OCLC 13995159.
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Small, Suzy (19 August 2005). "Ai Candy; exhibition preview". Tokyo Weekender. Tokyo, Japan: BC Media Group. 2 (15): 16. Dicapai pada May 2012. Check date values in:
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Genocchio, Benjamin (10 August 2007). "To See the World in Ballpoint Pen". The New York Times. Manhattan, New York, USA: Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522. Dicapai pada June 2012. Check date values in:
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Liddell, C.B. (3 April 2002). "The hair-raising art of Lennie Mace; Lennie Mace Museum". The Japan Times. Tokyo, Japan: Toshiaki Ogasawara. ISSN 0447-5763. OCLC 21225620. Dicapai pada May 2012. Check date values in:
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Bellis, Mary. "About ballpoint pens". About.com. Dicapai pada February 2013. Check date values in:
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(bantuan) - ^ "How does a ballpoint pen work?". Engineering. HowStuffWorks. 1998–2007. Dicapai pada 16 November 2007.
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Perry, Romanowsky (January 1998). "How products are made". Ballpoint pen. High Beam Research, Inc. Dicapai pada February 2013. Check date values in:
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Russell-Ausley, Melissa. "How Ballpoint Pens Work". Howstuffworks, Inc. Dicapai pada February 2013. Check date values in:
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(bantuan) - ^ Bic Cristal in MoMA collection