Voiced palatal nasal

Palatal nasal
Palatal nasal
ɲ
IPA number	118
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ɲ
Unicode (hex)	U+0272
X-SAMPA	J
Kirshenbaum	n^
Sound
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The voiced palatal nasal is a type of consonant. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨ɲ⟩. The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is ⟨J⟩. English does not have this sound but Spanish does, where it is represented by "ñ".

Feeatures

The airstream mechanism is pulmonic. This means that this sound is produced by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
The phonation is voiced. This means that the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is being pronounced.
The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is palatal. This means that this sound is produced with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
It is a nasal consonant. This means that air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.

Examples

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning
!Kung^[1]		^{[example needed]}	—	—
Albanian		një	[ɲə]	'one'
Aranda		^{[example needed]}	—	—
Basque		andereño	[än̪d̪e̞ɾe̞ɲo̞]	'female teacher'
Bengali^[2]		অঞ্চল/anycal	[ɔɲtʃɔl]	'area'
Burmese^[2]		ညာ/nya	[ɲà]	'right(-hand side)'
Catalan^[3]		any	[ˈaɲ̟]	'year'
Chinese	Mandarin	女人 / nǚ rén	[ny˨˩˦ ɻən˧˥]	'woman'
	Sichuanese	女人 / nǚ rén	[nʲy˨˩˦ zən˧˥]
	Wu / Shanghai dialect	女人/nyú nyǐnh	[n̠ʲy˩˧ n̠ʲɪɲ˥˨]
Czech		kůň	[kuːɲ]	'horse'
Dinka		nyɔt	[ɲɔt]	'very'
Dutch^[4]		oranje	[oˈrɑɲə]	'orange'
French		hargneux	[arɲø]	'belligerent'
Galician^[5]		viño	[ˈbiɲo]	'wine'
Greek		πρωτοχρονιά / prōtochroniá	[pro̞to̞xro̞ˈɲ̟ɐ]	'New Year's Day'
Haketia^[6]			[ru.ha.ˈɲi]	'spiritual'
Hindustani	Hindi	पञ्छी/पंछी/pañchī	[pəɲ.t͡ʃʰiː]	'bird'
Hindustani	Urdu	پنچھی/pañchī	[pəɲ.t͡ʃʰiː]	'bird'
Hungarian^[7]		anya	[ˈɒɲɒ]	'mother'
Italian	Standard	bagno	[ˈbäɲːo]	'bath'
Italian	Romanesco dialect	niente	[ˈɲːɛn̪t̪e]	'nothing'
Irish^[8]		inné	[əˈn̠ʲeː]	'yesterday'
Japanese^[9]		庭 / niwa	[ɲ̟iɰᵝa̠]	'garden'
Khasi		bseiñ	[bsɛɲ]	'snake'
Khmer		ពេញ / pénh	[pɨɲ]	'full'
Korean		저녁 / jeonyeok	[t͡ɕʌɲ̟ʌk̚]	'evening'
Kurdish	Southern	یانزه/yanyza	[jäːɲzˠa]	'eleven'
Latvian		mākoņains	[maːkuɔɲains]	'cloudy'
Macedonian		чешање/češanje	[ˈt͡ʃɛʃaɲɛ]	'itching'
Malagasy^[10]		^{[example needed]}	—	—
Malay		banyak	[bäɲäʔˈ]	'a lot'
Malayalam^[11]		ഞാൻ/ñān	[ɲäːn]	'I'
Mapudungun^[12]		ñachi	[ɲɜˈt͡ʃɪ]	'spiced blood'
North Frisian	Mooring	fliinj	[ˈfliːɲ]	'to fly'
Norwegian	Northern^[13]	mann	[mɑɲː]	'man'
Norwegian	Southern^[13]	mann	[mɑɲː]	'man'
Occitan	Northern	Polonha	[puˈluɲo̞]	'Poland'
	Southern	Polonha	[puˈluɲo̞]	'Poland'
	Gascon	banh	[baɲ]	'bath'
Polish^[14]		koń	[kɔɲ̟] (help·info)	'horse'
Portuguese	Many dialects^[15]	Sônia	[ˈsõ̞n̠ʲɐ]	'Sonia'
	Brazilian^[15]^[16]	sonhar	[ˈsõ̞ɲaɾ]	'to dream'
	European^[17]	arranhar	[ɐʁɐ̃ˈn̠ʲaɾ]	'to scratch'
Quechua		ñuqa	[ˈɲɔqɑ]	'I'
Romanian	Transylvanian dialects^[18]	câine	[ˈkɨɲe̞]	'dog'
Scottish Gaelic^[19]		seinn	[ʃeiɲ̟]	'sing'
Serbo-Croatian^[20]		њој / njoj	[ɲ̟ȏ̞j]	'to her'
Slovak		pečeň	[ˈpɛ̝t͡ʂɛ̝ɲ̟]	'liver'
Spanish^[21]		español	[e̞späˈɲol]	'Spanish'
Swahili		nyama	[ɲɑmɑ]	'meat'
Tamil		ஞாயிறு/ñāyiru	[ɲaːjiru]	'Sunday'
Tyap		nyam	[ɲam]	'animal'
Ukrainian		тінь/tin'	[t̪ʲin̠ʲ]	'shadow'
Vietnamese		nhà	[ɲâː]	'house'
West Frisian		njonken	[ˈɲoŋkən]	'next to'
Yi		ꑌ / nyi	[n̠ʲi˧]	'sit'
Zulu		inyoni	[iɲ̟óːni]	'bird'

Notes

↑ Doke (1925), p. ?.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 111.
↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
↑ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 46.
↑ Regueira (1996), p. 119.
↑ Cunha (2009), pp. 42, 43.
↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 164.
↑ Ní Chasaide (1999).
↑ Okada (1999), p. 118.
↑ Recasens (2013), p. 11.
↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
↑ Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 88.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 Skjekkeland (1997), pp. 105–107.
↑ Jassem (2003), pp. 103–104.
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 Considerações sobre o status das palato-alveolares em português Archived 2014-04-07 at the Wayback Machine, p. 12.
↑ Aragão (2009), p. 168.
↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
↑ Pop (1938), p. 30.
↑ Oftedal (1956), p. ?.
↑ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.

References

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[FOOTNOTEDoke1925?-1] Doke (1925), p. ?.

[FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996111-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 111.

[FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199253-3] Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.

[FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199246-4] Gussenhoven (1992), p. 46.

[FOOTNOTERegueira1996119-5] Regueira (1996), p. 119.

[FOOTNOTECunha200942,_43-6] Cunha (2009), pp. 42, 43.

[FOOTNOTELadefoged2005164-7] Ladefoged (2005), p. 164.

[FOOTNOTENí_Chasaide1999-8] Ní Chasaide (1999).

[FOOTNOTEOkada1999118-9] Okada (1999), p. 118.

[FOOTNOTERecasens201311-10] Recasens (2013), p. 11.

[FOOTNOTELadefoged2005165-11] Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.

[FOOTNOTESadowsky_et_al.201388-12] Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 88.

[FOOTNOTESkjekkeland1997105–107-13] 13.0 ^13.1 Skjekkeland (1997), pp. 105–107.

[FOOTNOTEJassem2003103–104-14] Jassem (2003), pp. 103–104.

[J._L._Leite-15] 15.0 ^15.1 Considerações sobre o status das palato-alveolares em português Archived 2014-04-07 at the Wayback Machine, p. 12.

[FOOTNOTEAragão2009168-16] Aragão (2009), p. 168.

[FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199591-17] Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.

[FOOTNOTEPop193830-18] Pop (1938), p. 30.

[FOOTNOTEOftedal1956?-19] Oftedal (1956), p. ?.

[FOOTNOTELandauLončarićaHorgaŠkarić199967-20] Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.

[FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003255-21] Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.

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