Voiced velar plosive

Voiced velar plosive
Voiced velar plosive
ɡ
IPA number	110
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ɡ
Unicode (hex)	U+0261
X-SAMPA	g
Kirshenbaum	g
Sound
	view; talk; edit;

The voiced velar stop is a type of consonant. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨g⟩. The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is ⟨g⟩. The English language has this sound, and it is the sound represented by the "g" in gear and grow.

Features

The airstream mechanism is pulmonic. This means that this sound is produced by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
The phonation is voiced. This means that the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is being pronounced.
The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is velar. This means that this sound is produced with the back of the tongue at the soft palate.
The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is stop, or plosive. This means that this sound is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. (The term plosive contrasts with nasal stops, where the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.)See also: Voiced uvular lateral fricative

Examples

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning
Abkhaz		ажыга/ažyga	[aˈʐəɡa]	'shovel'
Adyghe	Shapsug	гьэгуалъэ/g'ègwal"è	[ɡʲaɡʷaːɬa] (help·info)	'toy'
Adyghe	Temirgoy	чъыгы/ č"ygy	[t͡ʂəɡə] (help·info)	'tree'
Albanian		gomar	[ˈɡomaɾ]	'donkey'
Arabic^[1]	Moroccan	أݣادير‎/'agaadiir	[ʔaɡaːdiːr]	'Agadir'
	Tunisian	ڨفصة‎‎/gafs'a	[ɡɑfsˤɑ]	'Gafsa'
	Hejazi	قمر/gamar	[ɡamar]	'moon'
	Najdi		[ɡəmar]
	Sa'idi		[ɡɑmɑr]
	Yemeni	قال/gaal	[gæːl]	'(he) said'
	Yemeni	جمل/gamal	[gæmæl]	'camel'
	Egyptian	راجل/raagel	[ˈɾɑːɡel]	'man'
Armenian	Eastern^[2]	գանձ/ganç	[ɡɑndz] (help·info)	'treasure'
Assyrian		ܓܢܐ ɡana	[ɡaːna]	'self'
Azerbaijani		qara	[ɡɑɾɑ]	'black'
Basque		galdu	[ɡaldu]	'lose'
Bengali		গান/gan	[ɡan]	'song'
Bulgarian		гора/gora	[ɡora]	'forest'
Catalan^[3]		guant	[ˈɡwɑnt]	'glove'
Chinese	Southern Min	我/ góa	[ɡua]	'I'
	Wu	狂/ woã	[ɡuɑ̃]	'crazy'
	Xiang	共/ wong	[ɡoŋ]	'together'
Chechen		говр/govr	[ɡovr]	'horse'
Czech		gram	[ɡram]	'gram'
Dutch	All dialects	zakdoek	[ˈzɑɡduk] (help·info)	'tissue'
	Standard^[4]	zakdoek	[ˈzɑɡduk] (help·info)	'tissue'
	Many speakers	goal	[ɡoːɫ] (help·info)	'goal'
	Amelands	goëd	[ɡuə̯t]	'good'
English		gaggle	[ˈɡæɡɫ̩]	'gaggle'
Esperanto		bongusta	[bonˈgusta]	'tasty'
Filipino		gulo	[ɡulɔ]	'commotion'
French^[5]		gain	[ɡɛ̃]	'earnings'
Georgian^[6]		გული/guli	[ˈɡuli]	'heart'
German		Lüge	[ˈlyːɡə]	'lie'
Greek		γκάρισμα / gkárisma	[ˈɡɐɾizmɐ]	'donkey's bray'
Gujarati		ગાવું/gāvu	[gaːʋʊ̃]	'to sing'
Hebrew		גב/gav	[ɡav]	'back'
Hindustani		गाना / گانا	[ɡɑːnɑː]	'song'
Hungarian		engedély	[ɛŋɡɛdeːj]	'permission'
Irish		gaineamh	[ˈɡanʲəw]	'sand'
Italian^[7]		gare	[ˈɡäːre]	'competitions'
Japanese^[8]		外套 / gaitō	[ɡaitoː]	'overcoat'
Kabardian	Baslaney	гьанэ/ k'anė	[ɡʲaːna] (help·info)	'shirt'
Kagayanen^[9]		kalag	[kað̞aɡ]	'spirit'
Khmer		ហ្គាស / hkas	[gaːh]	'gas'
Korean		메기 / megi	[meɡi]	'catfish'
Lithuanian		garai	[ɡɐrɐɪ̯ˑ]	'steam'
Macedonian		гром/grom	[ɡrɔm]	'thunder'
Malay		guni	[ɡuni]	'sack'
Marathi		गवत	[ɡəʋət]	'grass'
Nepali		गाउँ	[ɡä̃ũ̯]	'village'
Norwegian		gull	[ɡʉl]	'gold'
Odia		ଗଛ/gacha	[ɡɔtʃʰɔ]	'tree'
Persian		گوشت/gušt	[guʃt]	'meat'
Polish^[10]		gmin	[ɡmʲin̪] (help·info)	'plebs'
Portuguese^[11]		língua	[ˈɫĩɡwɐ]	'tongue'
Punjabi		ਗਾਂ/gaa	[ɡɑ̃ː]	'cow'
Romanian^[12]		gând	[ɡɨnd]	'thought'
Russian^[13]		голова/golova	[ɡəɫɐˈva] (help·info)	'head'
Serbo-Croatian^[14]		гост / gost	[gȏ̞ːs̪t̪]	'guest'
Slovak		miazga	[ˈmjäzɡä]	'lymph'
Somali		gaabi	[ɡaːbi]	'to shorten'
Spanish^[15]		gato	[ˈɡät̪o̞]	'cat'
Swahili		giza	[ˈɡīzɑ]	'darkness'
Swedish		god	[ɡuːd̪]	'tasty'
Turkish		salgın	[säɫˈɡɯn]	'epidemic'
Ukrainian^[16]		ґанок/g̀anok	[ˈɡɑn̪ok]	'porch'
Welsh		gwyn	[ɡwɪn] or [ɡwɨ̞n]	'white'
West Frisian		gasp	[ɡɔsp]	'buckle' (n.)
Yi		ꈨ / gge	[ɡɤ˧]	'hear'
Zapotec	Tilquiapan^[17]	gan	[ɡaŋ]	'will be able'

Notes

↑ Watson (2002), pp. 16–17.
↑ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
↑ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
↑ Okada (1999), p. 117.
↑ Olson et al. (2010), pp. 206–207.
↑ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
↑ DEX Online : [1]
↑ Padgett (2003), p. 42.
↑ Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
↑ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
↑ Merrill (2008), p. 108.

References

Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-929075-08-3
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J., III (2010), "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 199–215, doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296, S2CID 38504322{citation}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505, S2CID 13470826
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0

[FOOTNOTEWatson200216–17-1] Watson (2002), pp. 16–17.

[FOOTNOTEDum-Tragut200913-2] Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.

[FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199253-3] Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.

[FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199245-4] Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.

[FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199373-5] Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.

[FOOTNOTEShostedChikovani2006255-6] Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.

[FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117-7] Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.

[FOOTNOTEOkada1999117-8] Okada (1999), p. 117.

[FOOTNOTEOlsonMielkeSanicas-DagumanPebley2010206–207-9] Olson et al. (2010), pp. 206–207.

[FOOTNOTEJassem2003103-10] Jassem (2003), p. 103.

[FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199591-11] Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.

[12] DEX Online : [1]

[FOOTNOTEPadgett200342-13] Padgett (2003), p. 42.

[FOOTNOTELandauLončarićaHorgaŠkarić199966-14] Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.

[FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003255-15] Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.

[FOOTNOTEDanyenkoVakulenko19954-16] Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.

[FOOTNOTEMerrill2008108-17] Merrill (2008), p. 108.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]