Ibisi

Ibis
	Crnoglavi ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus)
	Threskiornis spinicollis
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Aves
Red:	Pelecaniformes
Porodica:	Threskiornithidae
Potporodica:	Threskiornithinae; Poche, 1904
Rodovi
	Threskiornis Wagler, 1832; Pseudibis Hodgson, 1844; Thaumatibis Gray, 1842; Geronticus Wagler, 1832; Nipponia Reichenbach, 1853; Bostrychia Gray, 1847; Theristicus Gray, 1842; Cercibis Wagler, 1832; Mesembrinibis Peters, 1930; Phimosus Wagler, 1832; Eudocimus Wagler, 1832; Plegadis Kaup, 1829; Lophotibis Reichenbach, 1853;

Ibisi^[1]^[2]^[3] ili ibesi^[3] je naziv za oko 26 vrsta dugonogih močvarnih ptica koje čine vlastitu potporodicu - Threskiornithinae, unutar porodice - Threskiornithidae u redu Pelikanke.^[4] Ove ptice naseljavaju močvare, šume i ravnice.^[5] Termin „ibis” je izveden iz latinske i antičke grčke reči za ovu grupu ptica. Isto tako se javlja kao naučno ime čaplje govedarice, (Bubulcus ibis), koja je pogrešno identifikovana 1757. godine kao afrički sveti ražanj.^[6]

Karakteristike

Ibisi imaju telo dugo od 55 do 75 cm.^[4] Žive po svim toplim krajevima sveta, osim ostrva Južnog Pacifika. Njihovo stanište su plitke lagune, jezera, uvale i močvare gde vole da gacaju koristeći svoje vitke duge noge, u potrazi za malim ribama i mekušcima.^[4] Kad lete izduže vrat, a noge zabace potpuno nazad, naizmenično mašu krilima i jedre. Ibisi obično žive u velikim kolonijama, podižući nizove čvrstih gnezda po niskom grmlju ili drveću, u koje polažu tri do pet jaja bele boje, ponekad išarana sa smeđim mrljama.^[4]

Vrste

Najpoznatije vrste

Crni ibis (Plegadis falcinellus) i njegov bliski rođak bela lica američki ibis (Plegadis chihi) imaju manje telo sa sjajnim tamnocrvenkastim perjem. U kolonijama žive po toplijim krajevima sveta.^[4]^[6]^[7]
Hagedaš (Bostrychia hagedash) ili afrički ibis, ima perje zelenkaste boje a poznat je po svom glasnom kreštanju.^[4]
Australski ibis (Threskiornis spinicollis) živi isključivo u Australiji. Za razliku od svojih ostalih srodnika, on se prilagodio uslovima, pa ne živi samo uz vode, hrani se uglavnom skakavcima.^[4]
Grivasti ibis (Geronticus eremita),^[8]^[9]^[10] je ugrožena vrsta, koja živi po Severnoj Africi i Bliskom istoku. Njegov kljun i koža na golom vratu su crvenkaste boje. Kolonije tih ptica nekad su živele po srednjoj i južnoj Evropi, Siriji i Alžiru, od svih tih kolonija preživele su samo one u Turskoj i Maroku.^[4]
Japanski ibis (Nipponia Nippon) ili Crvenonogi ibis, ima potpuno belo perje sa crvenim licem i nogama. On je ugrožena vrsta, na rubu izumiranja krajem 20. veka.^[4]
Sveti ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus), živi po južnoj Arabiji i Africi južno od Sahare, a nekad je živeo i po Egiptu, u kojem je u vreme drevnog Egipta bio sveta ptica. On je visok oko 75 cm, belog perja sa crnim vratom, glavom, nogama i pegom na stražnjici.^[4]
Crveni ibis (Eudocimus ruber) živi na severu Južne Amerike, a beli ibis (Eudocimus albus) po Srednjoj i Severnoj Americi.^[4]

Vrste

Bostrychia bocagei (Chapin, 1923)
Bostrychia carunculata (Ruppell, 1837)
Bostrychia hagedash (Latham, 1790)
Bostrychia olivacea (Du Bus de Gisignies, 1838)
Bostrychia rara (Rothschild, Hartert & O. Kleinschmidt, 1897)
Cercibis oxycerca (Spix, 1825)
Eudocimus albus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Eudocimus ruber (Linnaeus, 1758)
Geronticus calvus (Boddaert, 1783)
Geronticus eremita (Linnaeus, 1758)
Lophotibis cristata (Boddaert, 1783)
Mesembrinibis cayennensis (Gmelin, 1789)
Nipponia nippon (Temminck, 1835)
Phimosus infuscatus (Lichtenstein, 1823)
Plegadis chihi (Vieillot, 1817)
Plegadis falcinellus (Linnaeus, 1766)
Plegadis ridgwayi (Allen, 1876)
Pseudibis davisoni (Hume, 1875)
Pseudibis gigantea (Oustalet, 1877)
Pseudibis papillosa (Temminck, 1824)
Theristicus caerulescens (Vieillot, 1817)
Theristicus caudatus (Boddaert, 1783)
Theristicus melanopis (Gmelin, 1789)
Threskiornis aethiopicus (Latham, 1790)
Threskiornis bernieri (Bonaparte, 1855)
Threskiornis melanocephalus (Latham, 1790)
Threskiornis molucca (Cuvier, 1829)
Threskiornis solitarius (Selys-Longchamps, 1848)
Threskiornis spinicollis (Jameson, 1835)

Podvrste

Bostrychia hagedash brevirostris (Reichenow, 1907)
Bostrychia hagedash hagedash (Latham, 1790)
Bostrychia hagedash nilotica (Neumann, 1909)
Bostrychia olivacea akeleyorum (Chapman, 1912)
Bostrychia olivacea cupreipennis (Reichenow, 1903)
Bostrychia olivacea olivacea (Du Bus de Gisignies, 1838)
Bostrychia olivacea rothschildi (Bannerman, 1919)
Lophotibis cristata cristata (Boddaert, 1783)
Lophotibis cristata urschi Lavauden, 1929
Phimosus infuscatus berlepschi Hellmayr, 1903
Phimosus infuscatus infuscatus (Lichtenstein, 1823)
Phimosus infuscatus nudifrons (Spix, 1825)
Theristicus caudatus caudatus (Boddaert, 1783)
Theristicus caudatus hyperorius Todd, 1948
Theristicus melanopis branickii Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1894
Theristicus melanopis melanopis (Gmelin, 1789)
Threskiornis bernieri abbotti (Ridgway, 1893)
Threskiornis bernieri bernieri (Bonaparte, 1855)
Threskiornis molucca molucca (Cuvier, 1829)
Threskiornis molucca pygmaeus Mayr, 1931

Galerija

Crnoglavi ibis
Australijski beli ibis
Američki beli ibis
Grimizni ibis
Crni ibis
Threskiornis spinicollis)
Plegadis falcinellus
Severni ćelavi ibis
Hadada ibis

Reference

^ „ibis”. Dictionary.com Unabridged. Приступљено 6. 10. 2009.
^ Fennell, C. A. M., ур. (1892). The Stanford dictionary of Anglicised words and phrases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. стр. 453. OCLC 1354115. Приступљено 6. 10. 2009.
^ ^а ^б Pierce, Robert Morris (1910). Dictionary of Hard Words. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. стр. 270. OCLC 4177508. Приступљено 6. 10. 2009.
^ ^а ^б ^в ^г ^д ^ђ ^е ^ж ^з ^и ^ј „Ibis” (на језику: engleski). Encyclopædia Britannica. Приступљено 23. 9. 2012.
^ Longrich, N. R.; Olson, S. L. (5. 1. 2011). „The bizarre wing of the Jamaican flightless ibis Xenicibis xympithecus: a unique vertebrate adaptation”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1716): 2333—2337. PMC 3119002 . PMID 21208965. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.2117.
^ ^а ^б Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. стр. 201. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ Santoro, Simone; Sundar, K.S.G.; Cano-Alonso, L.S. (2019). „Glossy Ibis ecology and conservation”. SIS Conservation. 1: 1—148. ISBN 978-2-491451-01-1.
^ Gesner (1555) pp. 337–8 "Corvo sylvatico"
^ Rare Birds Yearbook 2009. England: MagDig Media Limited. 2008. стр. 114—115. ISBN 978-0-9552607-5-9.
^ Pegoraro, Karin; Föger, Manfred; Parson, Walther (октобар 2001). „First evidence of mtDNA sequence differences between Northern Bald Ibises (Geronticus eremita) of Moroccan and Turkish origin”. Journal of Ornithology. 142 (4): 425—28. S2CID 11075005. doi:10.1007/BF01651340.

Literatura

Cramp, Stanley; Perrins, C.M.; Brooks, Duncan J., ур. (1994). Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198546795.
Field Guide to the Birds of North America (4th изд.). National Geographic Society. 1987.
Sundar, K.S.G.; Kittur, S. (2019). „Glossy Ibis Distribution and Abundance in an Indian Agricultural Landscape: Seasonal and Annual Variations” (PDF). SIS Conservation. 1: 135—138.
Máñez, M.; et al. (2019). „Twenty two years of monitoring of the Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus in Doñana”. SIS Conservation. 2019: 98—103.
Champagnon, J.; et al. (2019). „The Settlement of Glossy Ibis in France”. SIS Conservation. 2019: 50—55.
„Rykind af sorte ibisser i danske vådområder” (на језику: дански). Danish Ornithological Society. 20. 5. 2022. Приступљено 28. 1. 2023.
„Glossy ibis Plegadis falcinellus (Linnaeus, 1766)”. New Zealand Birds Online. Приступљено 16. 1. 2019.
Santoro, S.; Champagnon, J.; Kharitonov, S.P.; Zwarts, L.; Oschadleus, H.D.; Manez, M.; Samraoui, B.; Nedjah, R.; Volponi, S.; Cano-Alonso, L.S. (2019). „Long-distance Dispersal of the Afro-Eurasian Glossy Ibis From Ring Recoveries” (PDF). SIS Conservation. 1: 139—146.
Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile; Philippe, Michel; Guillard, Stéphane; Meyssonnier, Marcel (јул 2006). „Presence of the Northern Bald Ibis Geronticus eremita (L.) during the Holocene in the Ardèche valley, southern France”. Ibis. 148 (4): 820—23. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2006.00563.x.
Boev, Zlatozar (2000). „Additional material of Geronticus balcanicus Boev, 1998, and precision of the age of the type locality” (PDF). Acta Zoologica Bulgarica. 52 (2): 53—58. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2011-08-15. г. Приступљено 2008-12-29.
Marco, Antonio Sanchez (јул 1996). „The presence of the Waldrapp Geronticus eremita (Plataleidae) in the Plio-Pleistocene boundary in Spain” (PDF). Ibis. 138 (3): 560—61. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1996.tb08081.x.
Boev, Zlatozar (1998). „Presence of Bald Ibises (Geronticus Wagler, 1832) (Threskiornithidae - Aves) in the Late Pliocene of Bulgaria”. Geologica Balcanica. 28 (1–2): 45—52. doi:10.52321/GeolBalc.28.1-2.45.
Gesner, Conrad (1555). Historiæ animalium liber III qui est de auium natura. Adiecti sunt ab initio indices alphabetici decem super nominibus auium in totidem linguis diuersis: & ante illos enumeratio auium eo ordiné quo in hoc volumine continentur (на језику: латински). Zurich: Froschauer.
Serra, Gianluca; Peske, L.; Wondafrash, M. (2007). Preliminary survey of Middle Eastern Northern Bald Ibises at their recently discovered wintering grounds in Ethiopian highlands. Report, BirdLife International / Royal Society for the Protection of Birds.
Serra, Gianluca; Wondafrash, M. (2009). Eco-ethological and conservation survey of N. Bald Ibises wintering in the northern Shawa (Ethiopia) during 2008–09. Report, EWNHS / IUCN / DGCS Trust Fund pilot project, 39 pp.
Serra, Gianluca; Nahaz, M.M.; Idan M.; Peske L.; Savioli A.; Bruschini C.; Alomari K. (2009). Assessment and characterization of the Ibis Protected Area in the Palmyra Desert - a proposed 5-year management and development framework. IUCN publication.
Serra, Gianluca (2010). Northern Bald Ibis Expedition in Saudi Arabia, March 2010. Report, IUCN and National Geographic Soc., 34 pp.
G. Serra; et al. (2008). „Feeding ecology and behaviour of last surviving middle eastern N. Bald Ibises breeding in the Syrian steppe”. Zoology in the Middle East. 43: 55—68. S2CID 87023621. doi:10.1080/09397140.2008.10638269.
G. Serra; et al. (2013). „An assessment of ecological conditions and threats at the Ethiopian wintering site of the last known eastern colony of critically endangered Northern Bald Ibis Geronticus eremita”. Bird Conservation International. 23 (4): 399—413. doi:10.1017/s0959270913000397 .
G. Serra; et al. (2009). „Breeding ecology of the last oriental N. Bald Ibises in the Syria desert”. Journal of Ornithology. 150 (4): 769—782. S2CID 26090442. doi:10.1007/s10336-009-0398-y.
G. Serra; et al. (2015). „Accounting for very low survival of a Critically Endangered bird on a major migratory flyway”. Oryx. 49 (2): 312—320. doi:10.1017/s0030605313000665 .

Spoljašnje veze

Ibis na portalu Encyclopædia Britannica
Ibis videos – at Internet Bird Collection
„Ibis”. New International Encyclopedia. 1905.

[1] „ibis”. Dictionary.com Unabridged. Приступљено 6. 10. 2009.

[2] Fennell, C. A. M., ур. (1892). The Stanford dictionary of Anglicised words and phrases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. стр. 453. OCLC 1354115. Приступљено 6. 10. 2009.

[morris-3] а ^б Pierce, Robert Morris (1910). Dictionary of Hard Words. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. стр. 270. OCLC 4177508. Приступљено 6. 10. 2009.

[brit-4] а ^б ^в ^г ^д ^ђ ^е ^ж ^з ^и ^ј „Ibis” (на језику: engleski). Encyclopædia Britannica. Приступљено 23. 9. 2012.

[long-5] Longrich, N. R.; Olson, S. L. (5. 1. 2011). „The bizarre wing of the Jamaican flightless ibis Xenicibis xympithecus: a unique vertebrate adaptation”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1716): 2333—2337. PMC 3119002 . PMID 21208965. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.2117.

[job-6] а ^б Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. стр. 201. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[Olson1981-7] Santoro, Simone; Sundar, K.S.G.; Cano-Alonso, L.S. (2019). „Glossy Ibis ecology and conservation”. SIS Conservation. 1: 1—148. ISBN 978-2-491451-01-1.

[Gesner-8] Gesner (1555) pp. 337–8 "Corvo sylvatico"

[Yearbook09-9] Rare Birds Yearbook 2009. England: MagDig Media Limited. 2008. стр. 114—115. ISBN 978-0-9552607-5-9.

[Pegoraro-10] Pegoraro, Karin; Föger, Manfred; Parson, Walther (октобар 2001). „First evidence of mtDNA sequence differences between Northern Bald Ibises (Geronticus eremita) of Moroccan and Turkish origin”. Journal of Ornithology. 142 (4): 425—28. S2CID 11075005. doi:10.1007/BF01651340.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]