Ubelgiji
| Ubelgiji |
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Ubelgiji (België kwa Kiholanzi, Belgique kwa Kifaransa na Belgien kwa Kijerumani) ni ufalme wa Ulaya ya Magharibi. Ni kati ya nchi 6 zilizoanzisha Jumuiya ya Kiuchumi ya Ulaya ambayo baadaye imekuwa Umoja wa Ulaya.
Imepakana na Ufaransa, Uholanzi, Ujerumani na Luxemburg.
Ina pwani kwenye Bahari ya Kaskazini.
Historia
"Belgii" lilikuwa jina la wakazi wa kale wa kaskazini mwa Gallia, na Gallia Belgica ilikuwa jimbo la Dola la Roma.
Wakati wa Zama za Kati maeneo yake yalikuwa chini ya Dola Takatifu la Kiroma na tangu mwaka 1477 yalitawaliwa na nasaba ya Habsburg. Watawala hao walikuwa Wakatoliki, hivyo walizuia uenezaji wa Matengenezo ya Kiprotestanti.
Hata hivyo mikoa ya kaskazini ilifaulu kwa njia ya vita kujipatia uhuru na kuanzisha Jamhuri ya Nchi za Chini (Uholanzi) tangu mwaka 1648. Mikoa iliyoendelea kuwa Ubelgiji ya baadaye ilibaki chini ya Habsburg hadi Mapinduzi ya Kifaransa na utawala wa Napoleon aliyeiingiza katika Ufaransa.
Baada ya Mkutano wa Vienna wa mwaka 1815 Ubelgiji iliunganishwa pamoja na Uholanzi kuwa sehemu ya Ufalme wa Muungano wa Nchi za Chini na hapo ilikuwa sehemu ya kusini ya ufalme huo. Tofauti na sehemu za kaskazini, zilizokuwa na Waprotestanti wengi, mikoa ya Ubelgiji ilikaliwa na Wakatoliki. Tena, wenyeji wa mikoa ya kusini kabisa waliongea Kifaransa, na pia katika sehemu nyingine, ambako watu waliongea Kiholanzi, lugha ya Kifaransa ilikuwa lugha iliyopendwa na matabaka ya juu na wasomi.
Tofauti hizo za kiutamaduni zilichangia kati ya watu wa kusini hisia ya kubaguliwa na katika mapinduzi ya 1830 mikoa yao ilijitenga na Ufalme wa Muungano wa Nchi za Chini na kuanzisha ufalme mpya wa Ubelgiji.
Jiografia
Majimbo
Ubelgiji ni shirikisho la majimbo matatu:
- Flandria katika kaskazini lenye Waflandria wanaotumia lugha ya Kiholanzi,
- Wallonia katika kusini lenye Wawallonia wanaotumia Kifaransa na
- jimbo la mji mkuu wa Brussels lenye lugha zote.[1]
Katika Wallonia kuna pia wilaya ambayo wakazi wanatumia hasa Kijerumani ambacho ni lugha ya tatu ya kitaifa.[2][3]
Ushindani kama si chuki kati ya makundi hayo ndilo tatizo kuu la nchi.[4][5]
Watu
Wenyeji (67.3%) wanatofautiana hasa kutokana na lugha: 59% wanaongea hasa Kiholanzi, 40% Kifaransa na 1% Kijerumani.
Wahamiaji wanaongea lugha mama zao: Kiarabu (3%), Kiitalia (2%), Kituruki (1%) n.k.
Kiingereza kinajulikana na 38% za wakazi.
Wakazi wengi ni Wakristo (63.7%), hasa wa Kanisa Katoliki (60.6%), lakini 5% tu wanashiriki ibada za kila wiki; Wakristo wengine ni Waprotestanti (2.1%) na Waorthodoksi (1.6%). Waislamu ni 7.4%. Asilimia 28 hawana dini yoyote.
Tazama pia
Tanbihi
Marejeo
- ↑ Leclerc, Jacques, membre associé du TLFQ (18 January 2007). "Belgique • België • Belgien—Région de Bruxelles-Capitale • Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest". L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde (kwa French). Host: Trésor de la langue française au Québec (TLFQ), Université Laval, Quebec. Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 9 June 2007. Iliwekwa mnamo 18 June 2007.
C'est une région officiellement bilingue formant au centre du pays une enclave dans la province du Brabant flamand (Vlaams Brabant)
Check date values in:|date=, |archivedate=, |accessdate=(help)
* "About Belgium". Belgian Federal Public Service (ministry) / Embassy of Belgium in the Republic of Korea. Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2008-10-02. Iliwekwa mnamo 21 June 2007.the Brussels-Capital Region is an enclave of 162 km2 within the Flemish region.
Check date values in:|accessdate=(help)
* "Flanders (administrative region)". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. Microsoft. 2007. Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2009-10-31. Iliwekwa mnamo 21 June 2007.The capital of Belgium, Brussels, is an enclave within Flanders.
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* Van de Walle, Steven, lecturer at University of Birmingham Institute of Local Government Studies, School of Public Policy. "Language Facilities in the Brussels Periphery" (PDF). KULeuven—Leuvens Universitair Dienstencentrum voor Informatica en Telematica. Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2009-10-31. Iliwekwa mnamo 21 June 2007.Brussels is a kind of enclave within Flanders—it has no direct link with Wallonia.
Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ↑ The German-speaking Community at Belgium.be
- ↑
"The German-speaking Community". The German-speaking Community. Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 30 May 2007. Iliwekwa mnamo 5 May 2007. Check date values in:
|archivedate=, |accessdate=(help) The (original) version in German language (already) mentions 73,000 instead of 71,500 inhabitants. - ↑ Morris, Chris. "Language dispute divides Belgium", BBC News, 13 May 2005. Retrieved on 8 May 2007.
- ↑ Petermann, Simon, Professor at the University of Liège, Wallonia, Belgium—at colloquium IXe Sommet de la francophonie—Initiatives 2001—Ethique et nouvelles technologies, session 6 Cultures et langues, la place des minorités, Bayreuth (25 September 2001). "Langues majoritaires, langues minoritaires, dialectes et NTIC" (kwa French). Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2013-11-02. Iliwekwa mnamo 4 May 2007. Check date values in:
|date=, |accessdate=(help)
- Katika wavuti
- "Belgium". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Iliwekwa mnamo 7 June 2007. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - Belgium entry at The World Factbook Retrieved on 7 June 2007.
- "Country Portal – Europe—Belgium". Belgian Federal Government Service (ministry) of Economy—Directorate-general Statistics Belgium. Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 1 July 2007. Iliwekwa mnamo 7 June 2007. Check date values in:
|archivedate=, |accessdate=(help) - Fischer, Kathrin (21 July 1999). "Die Stellung und Rolle der deutschsprachigen Minderheit in Ostbelgien innerhalb des belgischen Nationalstaats". Kleiner Geländekurs in die EUREGIO Maas-Rhein (kwa German). Geographical Institute of the Georg-August University (Department Culture and Social Geography), Göttingen, Germany. Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 20 July 2007. Iliwekwa mnamo 13 June 2007. Check date values in:
|date=, |archivedate=, |accessdate=(help) - "History of Belgium". World History at KMLA. Korean Minjok Leadership Academy (KMLA). 30 May 2007. Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 6 July 2007. Iliwekwa mnamo 2 June 2007. Check date values in:
|date=, |archivedate=, |accessdate=(help) - Janssens, Rudi, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (1 June 2001). "Brusselse Thema's in Brussel—Taalverhoudingen, taalverschuivingen en taalindentiteit in een meertalige stad" (kwa Dutch, summary The Use of Languages in Brussels pp. 227–250 in English). Vrije Universiteit Brussel Press, Brussels ISBN 90-5487-293-4—republished. Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 5 June 2007. Iliwekwa mnamo 2 June 2007. Check date values in:
|date=, |archivedate=, |accessdate=(help) - Leclerc, Jacques, membre associé du TLFQ (2006). "Belgique • België • Belgien". L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde (kwa French). Host: Trésor de la langue française au Québec (TLFQ), Université Laval, Quebec. Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 8 June 2007. Iliwekwa mnamo 2 June 2007. Check date values in:
|archivedate=, |accessdate=(help) - Mnookin, Robert, Professor at HLS; Verbeke, Alain (20 December 2006). "Bye bye Belgium?". International Herald Tribune, republished by Harvard Law School. Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 21 March 2007. Iliwekwa mnamo 1 June 2007. Check date values in:
|date=, |archivedate=, |accessdate=(help)—Reflections on nations and nation-state developments regarding Belgium
- Vitabu
- Arblaster, Paul (23 December 2005). A History of the Low Countries. Palgrave Essential Histories (toleo la Hardcover 312pp). Palgrave Macmillan, New York. ISBN 1-4039-4827-5. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - Blom, J. C. H., Dutch State Institute for War Documentation, ed.; Lamberts, Emiel, Professor in Modern History KULeuven, ed.; Kennedy, James C., translator (May 1999). History of the Low Countries (toleo la Hardcover 503pp). Berghahn Books, Oxford/New York. ISBN 1-57181-084-6. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - Cammaerts, Émile L. (1921) [1913]. A History of Belgium from the Roman Invasion to the Present Day (toleo la 357pp). D. Appleton and Co, New York. ASIN B00085PM0A. OCLC 1525559.
[Also editions [1913], London, OCLC 29072911; (1921) D. Unwin and Co., New York OCLC 9625246 also published (1921) as Belgium from the Roman invasion to the present day, The Story of the nations, 67, T. Fisher Unwin, London, OCLC 2986704] - de Kavanagh Boulger, Demetrius C. (28 June 2001) [1902]. The History of Belgium: Part 1. Cæsar to Waterloo. Elibron Classics (toleo la Paperback 493pp). Adamant Media (Delaware corporation), Boston, Massachusetts, United States. ISBN 1-4021-6714-8. Check date values in:
|date=(help) Facsimile reprint of a 1902 edition by the author, London
Ib. (June 2001) [1909]. Ib. Part 2. 1815–1865. Waterloo to the Death of Leopold I. Ib. (toleo la Paperback 462pp). Ib. ISBN 1-4021-6713-X. Check date values in:|date=(help) Facsimile reprint of a 1909 edition by the author, London - Fitzmaurice, John (1996). The Politics of Belgium: A Unique Federalism. Nations of the modern world (toleo la Paperback 284pp). Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, USA. ISBN 0-8133-2386-X. OCLC 30112536.
- Kossmann-Putto, Johanna A.; Kossmann Ernst H.; Deleu Jozef H. M., ed.; Fenoulhet Jane, translator (from: (1987)). De Lage Landen: geschiedenis van de Noordelijke en Zuidelijke Nederlanden. Vlaams-Nederlandse Stichting Ons Erfdeel, Rekkem (January 1993) [1987]. The Low Countries: History of the Northern and Southern Netherlands (toleo la 3rd Rev. edition Paperback 64pp). Flemish-Netherlands Foundation "Stichting Ons Erfdeel", Rekkem, Belgium. ISBN 90-70831-20-1. Check date values in:
|date=(help) (Several editions in English, incl. (1997) 7th ed.)
Viungo vya nje
- Serikali
- Taarifa za jumla
- Belgium entry at The World Factbook
- Belgium Archived 7 Juni 2008 at the Wayback Machine. at UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Belgium information from the United States Department of State
- Ubelgiji katika Open Directory Project
- Portals to the World from the United States Library of Congress
- Belgium profile from the BBC News
- FAO Country Profiles: Belgium
- Statistical Profile of Belgium at the Association of Religion Data Archives Archived 28 Oktoba 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
- Wikimedia Atlas of Belgium
- Key Development Forecasts for Belgium from International Futures
- Official Site of the Belgian Tourist Office in the Americas and GlobeScope
| Nchi za Umoja wa Ulaya | 
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| Austria | Bulgaria | Eire | Estonia | Hispania | Hungaria | Italia | Kroatia | Kupro | Latvia | Lituanya | Luxemburg | Malta | Polandi | Slovakia | Slovenia | Romania | Ubelgiji | Ucheki | Udeni | Ufaransa | Ufini | Ugiriki | Uholanzi | Ujerumani | Ureno | Uswidi | |
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Makala hii kuhusu maeneo ya Ulaya bado ni mbegu. Je unajua kitu kuhusu Ubelgiji kama historia yake, biashara, taasisi zilizopo, watu au utamaduni? Labda unaona habari katika wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari. |