对数微分法
对数微分法(英語:Logarithmic differentiation)是在微积分学中,通过求某函数f的对数导数来求得函数导数的一种方法, [1]
![{\displaystyle [\ln(f)]'={\frac {f'}{f}\quad \rightarrow \quad f'=f\cdot [\ln(f)]'.}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d5b7de91cd8aa179e45a630cef367c78239b62b3)
这一方法常在函数对数求导比对函数本身求导更容易时使用,这样的函数通常是几项的积,取对数之后,可以把函数变成容易求导的几项的和。这一方法对幂函数形式的函数也很有用。对数微分法依赖于链式法则和对数的性质(尤其是自然对数),把积变为求和,把商变为做差[2][3]。这一方法可以应用于所有恆不为0的可微函数。
概述
对于某函数

运用对数微分法,通常对函数两边取绝对值后取自然对数[4]。

运用隐式微分法[5],可得

两边同乘以y,则方程左边只剩下dy/dx:

对数微分法有用,是因为对数的性质可以大大简化复杂函数的微分[6],常用的对数性质有:[3]

通用公式
有一如下形式的函数,

两边取自然对数,得

两边对x求导,得
![{\displaystyle {\frac {f'(x)}{f(x)}=\sum _{i}\left[\alpha _{i}'(x)\cdot \ln(f_{i}(x))+\alpha _{i}(x)\cdot {\frac {f_{i}'(x)}{f_{i}(x)}\right].}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e36c147dcca7d2378a3e0e964ca18568639d44fa)
两边同乘以
,可得原函数的导数为
![{\displaystyle f'(x)=\overbrace {\prod _{i}(f_{i}(x))^{\alpha _{i}(x)} ^{f(x)}\times \overbrace {\sum _{i}\left\{\alpha _{i}'(x)\cdot \ln(f_{i}(x))+\alpha _{i}(x)\cdot {\frac {f_{i}'(x)}{f_{i}(x)}\right\} ^{[\ln(f(x))]'}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/72623945515101eff3fc5880c909c33c56e63aba)
应用
积函数
对如下形式的两个函数的积函数

两边取自然对数,可得如下形式的和函数

应用链式法则,两边微分,得

整理,可得[7]

商函数
对如下形式的两个函数的商函数

两边取自然对数,可得如下形式的差函数

应用链式法则,两边求导,得

整理,可得

右边通分之后,结果和对
运用除法定则所得结果相同。
复合指数函数
对于如下形式的函数

两边取自然对数,可得如下形式的积函数

应用链式法则,两边求导,得

整理,得

与将函数f看做指数函数,直接运用链式法则所得结果相同。
参见
参考文献
- ^ Krantz, Steven G. Calculus demystified. McGraw-Hill Professional. 2003: 170. ISBN 0-07-139308-0.
- ^ N.P. Bali. Golden Differential Calculus. Firewall Media. 2005: 282. ISBN 81-7008-152-1.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Bird, John. Higher Engineering Mathematics. Newnes. 2006: 324. ISBN 0-7506-8152-7.
- ^ Dowling, Edward T. Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Calculus for Business, Economics, and the Social Sciences. McGraw-Hill Professional. 1990: 160. ISBN 0-07-017673-6.
- ^ Hirst, Keith. Calculus of One Variable. Birkhäuser. 2006: 97. ISBN 1-85233-940-3.
- ^ Blank, Brian E. Calculus, single variable. Springer. 2006: 457. ISBN 1-931914-59-1.
- ^ Williamson, Benjamin. An Elementary Treatise on the Differential Calculus. BiblioBazaar, LLC. 2008: 25–26. ISBN 0-559-47577-2.
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