紐約時報公司訴合眾國案
纽约时报诉合众国案
New York Times Co. v. United States |
|---|
 |
|
| 案件全名 | 纽约时报公司 诉 美利坚合众国
New York Times Company v. United States; United States v. The Washington Post Company et al. |
|---|
| 引註案號 | 403 U.S. 713
|
|---|
|
| 若要对出版物进行事先限制，政府必须出示充分的证据表明出版物的出版将会造成“严重和不可弥补”的危险。 |
|
|
|
| 全体一致意见 |
| 协同意见 | 布莱克
联名：道格拉斯 |
|---|
| 协同意见 | 道格拉斯
联名：布莱克 |
|---|
| 协同意见 | 布伦南 |
|---|
| 协同意见 | 斯图尔特
联名：怀特 |
|---|
| 协同意见 | 怀特
联名：斯图尔特 |
|---|
| 协同意见 | 马歇尔 |
|---|
| 不同意见 | 伯格 |
|---|
| 不同意见 | 哈伦
联名：伯格, 布莱克蒙 |
|---|
| 不同意见 | 布莱克蒙 |
|---|
|
| 美国宪法第一修正案 |
纽约时报诉合众国案（403 U.S. 713 (1971)）是 1971年的一宗美国案件，最终美国联邦最高法院以大法官6比3作出判决。根据判决结果，《纽约时报》和《华盛顿邮报》可以在不经政府审查的情况下合法出版当时是机密的美国政府文件《五角大楼文件》。
时任美国总统尼克松曾要求行政机关迫使纽约时报暂停出版五角大楼文件。法院所要考虑的主要问题是美国宪法第一修正案中所保护的出版自由，是否可以凌驾于政府宣称需要保密的安全文件之上。最终，最高法院判决宪法第一修正案中的出版自由条款保护纽约时报出版这些机密文件的权利。
|
|---|
政教分離條款 |
|---|
公開展示及
儀式 |
- Stone v. Graham (1980)
- Marsh v. Chambers (1983)
- Lynch v. Donnelly (1984)
- Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary (1985)
- County of Allegheny v. ACLU (1989)
- McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky (2005)
- Van Orden v. Perry (2005)
- Pleasant Grove City v. Summum (2009)
- Salazar v. Buono (2010)
- Town of Greece v. Galloway (2014)
- American Legion v. American Humanist Ass'n (2019)
|
|---|
| 法定宗教豁免 |
- Walz v. Tax Comm'n of the City of New York (1970)
- Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc. (1985)
- Corp. of Presiding Bishop v. Amos (1987)
- Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock (1989)
- City of Boerne v. Flores (1997)
- Cutter v. Wilkinson (2005)
|
|---|
| 公共資金 |
- Everson v. Board of Education (1947)
- McCollum v. Board of Education (1948)
- Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)
- Mueller v. Allen (1983)
- Aguilar v. Felton (1985)
- Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet (1994)
- Agostini v. Felton (1997)
- Mitchell v. Helms (2000)
- Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002)
- Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn (2011)
|
|---|
宗教信仰
在公立學校 |
- Zorach v. Clauson (1952)
- Engel v. Vitale (1962)
- Abington School District v. Schempp (1963)
- Epperson v. Arkansas (1968)
- Stone v. Graham (1980)
- Wallace v. Jaffree (1985)
- Edwards v. Aguillard (1987)
- Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens (1990)
- Lee v. Weisman (1992)
- Santa Fe Ind. School Dist. v. Doe (2000)
- Elk Grove Unif. School Dist. v. Newdow (2004)
- 奇茲米勒訴多佛學區案 (M.D. Pa. 2005)
|
|---|
| 私人宗教演說 |
- Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School Dist. (1993)
- Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board v. Pinette (1995)
- Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia (1995)
- Good News Club v. Milford Central School (2001)
|
|---|
| 內部教會事務 |
- United States v. Ballard (1944)
- Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church (1969)
- Jones v. Wolf (1979)
|
|---|
| 其它 |
- McGowan v. Maryland (1961)
- Torcaso v. Watkins (1961)
- Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc. (1982)
- Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet (1994)
- Trump v. Hawaii (2018)
|
|---|
|
|
宗教活動自由條款 |
|---|
- Reynolds v. United States (1879)
- Davis v. Beason (1890)
- Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)
- Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
- Jamison v. Texas (1943)
- Murdock v. Pennsylvania (1943)
- Tucker v. Texas (1946)
- Kunz v. New York (1951)
- Braunfeld v. Brown (1961)
- Sherbert v. Verner (1963)
- Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)
- McDaniel v. Paty (1978)
- Harris v. McRae (1980)
- Thomas v. Review Board (1981)
- United States v. Lee (1982)
- Bob Jones University v. United States (1983)
- Bowen v. Roy (1986)
- Goldman v. Weinberger (1986)
- O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz (1987)
- Employment Division v. Smith (1990)
- Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah (1993)
- Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton (2002)
- Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Comm'n (2018)
| 從公共利益中排除宗教 |
- Locke v. Davey (2004)
- Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer (2017)
- Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue (2020)
|
|---|
| 教務豁免 |
- Hosanna-Tabor v. EEOC (2012)
- Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrisey-Berru (2020)
|
|---|
|
|
|
|---|
| 無保護言論 | 煽動行為及
煽动叛乱 |
- 客籍法和镇压叛乱法 (1798)
- Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten (S.D.N.Y. 1917)
- 申克诉合众国案（1919年）
- 德布斯诉合众国案 (1919)
- Abrams v. United States (1919)
- Gitlow v. New York (1925)
- 惠特尼诉加利福尼亚州案 (1927)
- Fiske v. Kansas (1927)
- 丹尼斯诉合众国案 (1951)
- Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Bd. (1955; 1961)
- Yates v. United States (1957, clear and present danger)
- Bond v. Floyd (1966)
- 布兰登伯格诉俄亥俄州案（1969年，imminent lawless action)
- Hess v. Indiana (1973)
- United States v. Williams (2008)
|
|---|
诽谤及
虛假言論 |
- 纽约时报诉沙利文案（1964年）
- 好色客杂志诉法威尔案（1988年）
- United States v. Alvarez (2012)
- Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus (2014)
|
|---|
挑釁性言論及
質問者否決權 |
- Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)
- Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942)
- Terminiello v. Chicago (1949)
- Feiner v. New York (1951)
- Gregory v. Chicago (1969)
- 科恩訴加利福尼亞州案（1971年）
- 美國國家社會主義黨訴斯科基村案（1977年）
- R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul（1992年）
- 斯奈德訴菲爾普斯案（2011年）
|
|---|
| 威脅 |
- Watts v. United States (1969)
- NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co. (1982)
- Virginia v. Black (2003)
|
|---|
| 淫秽 |
- Rosen v. United States (1896)
- United States v. One Book Called Ulysses (S.D.N.Y. 1933)
- Roth v. United States (1957)
- One, Inc. v. Olesen (1958)
- Smith v. California (1959)
- Marcus v. Search Warrant (1961)
- MANual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day (1962)
- Jacobellis v. Ohio (1964)
- Quantity of Books v. Kansas (1964)
- Ginzburg v. United States (1966)
- Memoirs v. Massachusetts (1966)
- Redrup v. New York (1967)
- 金斯伯格訴紐約州案（1968年）
- Stanley v. Georgia (1969)
- United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs (1971)
- Kois v. Wisconsin (1972)
- 米勒訴加利福尼亞州案（1973年）
- Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton (1973)
- United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film (1973)
- Jenkins v. Georgia (1974)
- Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville (1975)
- Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc. (1976)
- American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut (7th Cir., 1985)
- People v. Freeman (Cal. 1988)
- United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc. (1994)
- Reno v. ACLU (1997)
- United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc. (2000)
- Ashcroft v. ACLU (2002)
- Nitke v. Gonzales (S.D.N.Y., 2005)
- American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland (6th Cir., 2009)
- United States v. Kilbride (9th Cir., 2009)
- United States v. Stevens (2010)
- 布朗訴娛樂商業協會案 (2011)
- FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc. (2012)
|
|---|
犯罪行為
不可或缺言論 | |
|---|
|
|---|
| 嚴格審查 |
- Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project (2010)
- Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar (2015)
|
|---|
| 模糊性 |
- Smith v. Goguen (1974)
- Board of Airport Commissioners v. Jews for Jesus (1987)
- Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky (2018)
|
|---|
象徵性言語
與行為 |
- Stromberg v. California (1931)
- United States v. O'Brien (1968)
- 科恩訴加利福尼亞州案 (1971)
- Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence (1984)
- Dallas v. Stanglin (1989)
- 德克萨斯州诉约翰逊案（1989年）
- United States v. Eichman (1990)
- Barnes v. Glen Theatre (1991)
- City of Erie v. Pap's A. M. (2000)
- Virginia v. Black (2003)
|
|---|
基於內容
限制條件 |
- R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul (1992)
- Reed v. Gilbert (2015)
- Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants (2020)
|
|---|
內容中立
限制條件 |
- Schneider v. New Jersey (1939)
- Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc. (1986)
- City of Ladue v. Gilleo (1994)
- Packingham v. North Carolina (2017)
| 在公開論壇 |
- Davis v. Massachusetts (1897)
- Hague v. CIO (1939)
- Thornhill v. Alabama (1940)
- Martin v. City of Struthers (1943)
- Niemotko v. Maryland (1951)
- Edwards v. South Carolina (1963)
- Cox v. Louisiana (1965)
- Brown v. Louisiana (1966)
- Adderley v. Florida (1966)
- Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne (1968)
- Coates v. City of Cincinnati (1971)
- Org. for a Better Austin v. Keefe (1971)
- Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence (1984)
- Frisby v. Schultz (1988)
- Ward v. Rock Against Racism (1989)
- Burson v. Freeman (1992)
- Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York (1997)
- Hill v. Colorado (2000)
- McCullen v. Coakley (2014)
|
|---|
指定公眾
論壇 |
- Widmar v. Vincent (1981)
- Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia (1995)
|
|---|
非公開
論壇 |
- Lehman v. Shaker Heights (1974)
- Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association (1983)
- Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky (2018)
|
|---|
|
|---|
| 強迫演說 |
- Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
- West Virginia State Board of Ed. v. Barnette (1943)
- Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo (1974)
- Wooley v. Maynard (1977)
- Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins (1980)
- Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California (1986)
- Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston (1995)
- National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra (2018)
|
|---|
強制補貼
別人演說 |
- Abood v. Detroit Board of Education (1977)
- Communications Workers of America v. Beck (1978)
- Keller v. State Bar of California (1990)
- Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n (1991)
- Board of Regents of the Univ. of Wisconsin System v. Southworth (2000)
- Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n (2005)
- Davenport v. Washington Education Ass'n (2007)
- Locke v. Karass (2008)
- Knox v. SEIU, Local 1000 (2012)
- Harris v. Quinn (2014)
- Friedrichs v. California Teachers Ass'n (2016)
- Janus v. AFSCME (2018)
|
|---|
政府補助
及補貼 |
- Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington (1983)
- Rust v. Sullivan (1991)
- National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley (1998)
- Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez (2001)
- USAID v. Alliance for Open Society I (2013)
- USAID v. Alliance for Open Society II (2020)
|
|---|
政府為
發言人 |
- Walker v. Texas Div., Sons of Confederate Veterans (2015)
- Matal v. Tam (2017)
- Iancu v. Brunetti (2019)
|
|---|
| 效忠宣誓 |
- American Communications Ass'n v. Douds (1950)
- Garner v. Board of Public Works (1951)
- Speiser v. Randall (1958)
- Keyishian v. Board of Regents (1967)
- Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb (1974)
|
|---|
| 學校演説 |
- Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
- West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)
- Tinker v. Des Moines Ind. Community School Dist. (1969, substantial disruption)
- Island Trees School District v. Pico (1982)
- Bethel School District v. Fraser (1986)
- Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988)
- Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens (1990)
- Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia (1995)
- Morse v. Frederick (2007)
- Gillman v. Holmes County School District (2008)
|
|---|
| 公職人員 |
- Pickering v. Board of Education (1968)
- Elrod v. Burns (1976)
- Mt. Healthy City School Dist. Board of Ed. v. Doyle (1977)
- Givhan v. Western Line Consol. School Dist. (1979)
- Connick v. Myers (1983)
- Rankin v. McPherson (1987)
- Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois (1990)
- Waters v. Churchill (1994)
- Garcetti v. Ceballos (2006)
- Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri (2011)
- Lane v. Franks (2014)
- 赫夫南诉帕特森市案（2016年）
|
|---|
哈奇法及
類似法律 |
- Ex parte Curtis (1882)
- United Public Workers v. Mitchell (1947)
- U.S. Civil Service Comm'n v. National Ass'n of Letter Carriers (1973)
- Broadrick v. Oklahoma (1973)
|
|---|
演説許可
及限制 |
- Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Comm'n of Ohio (1915)
- Cox v. New Hampshire (1941)
- Murdock v. Pennsylvania (1943)
- Kunz v. New York (1951)
- Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson (1952)
- Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown (1957)
- NAACP v. Button (1963)
- Freedman v. Maryland (1965)
- Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc. (1982)
- Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement (1992)
|
|---|
| 商業演說 |
- Valentine v. Chrestensen (1942)
- Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept. (1970)
- Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm'n on Human Relations (1973)
- Bigelow v. Virginia (1975)
- Virginia State Pharmacy Bd. v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council (1976)
- Bates v. State Bar of Arizona (1977)
- Linmark Assoc., Inc. v. Township of Willingboro (1977)
- Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission (1980)
- Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n (1980)
- Zauderer v. Off. of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio (1985)
- Posadas de Puerto Rico Assoc. v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico (1986)
- San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. U.S. Olympic Committee (1987)
- Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp. (1995)
- Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc. (1995)
- 44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island (1996)
- Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly (2001)
- Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc. (2011)
|
|---|
競選財務
及政治演説 |
- Buckley v. Valeo (1976)
- First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti (1978)
- Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley (1981)
- FEC v. National Conservative PAC (1985)
- FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life (1986)
- Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce (1990)
- Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC (1996)
- Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC (2000)
- Republican Party of Minnesota v. White (2002)
- McConnell v. FEC (2003)
- Randall v. Sorrell (2006)
- FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. (2007)
- Davis v. FEC (2008)
- 联合公民诉联邦选举委员会案 (2010)
- Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett (2011)
- American Tradition Partnership v. Bullock (2012)
- McCutcheon v. FEC (2014)
- Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar (2015)
- Thompson v. Hebdon (2019)
|
|---|
| 匿名演講 |
- NAACP v. Alabama (1958)
- Buckley v. Valeo (1976)
- Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee (1982)
- McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm'n (1995)
- Doe v. Reed (2010)
|
|---|
| 州議案 |
- Marsh v. Alabama (1946)
- Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner (1972)
- Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck (2019)
|
|---|
| 官方報復 |
- Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach (2018)
- Nieves v. Bartlett (2019)
|
|---|
|
|
|
|---|
先行制止及
审查制度 |
- Patterson v. Colorado (1907)
- Near v. Minnesota (1931)
- Lovell v. City of Griffin (1938)
- Tucker v. Texas (1946)
- Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc. (1946)
- Lamont v. Postmaster General (1965)
- 纽约时报诉合众国案 (1971)
- Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart (1976)
- Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia (1978)
- Tory v. Cochran (2005)
|
|---|
| 隱私 |
- Time, Inc. v. Hill (1967)
- Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn (1975)
- Florida Star v. B. J. F. (1989)
|
|---|
| 稅收及特權 |
- Grosjean v. American Press Co. (1936)
- Branzburg v. Hayes (1972)
- Houchins v. KQED, Inc. (1978)
- Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner (1983)
- Cohen v. Cowles Media Co. (1991)
|
|---|
| 诽谤 |
- Beauharnais v. Illinois (1952)
- 纽约时报诉沙利文案 (1964)
- Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts (1967)
- Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler (1970)
- Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. (1974)
- Time, Inc. v. Firestone (1976)
- Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc. (1984)
- Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc. (1985)
- McDonald v. Smith (1985)
- 好色客杂志诉法威尔案 (1988)
- Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton (1989)
- Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. (1990)
- Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox (9th Cir., 2014)
|
|---|
| 廣播媒體 |
- Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC (1969)
- 聯邦通訊委員會訴太平洋電台案 (1978)
- Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC (1994)
- Bartnicki v. Vopper (2001)
|
|---|
| 版權材料 |
- Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co. (1977)
- Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises (1985)
- Eldred v. Ashcroft (2003)
|
|---|
|
|
|
|---|
- Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath (1951)
- Watkins v. United States (1957)
- NAACP v. Alabama (1958)
- NAACP v. Button (1963)
- Baggett v. Bullitt (1964)
- In re Primus (1978)
- Roberts v. United States Jaycees (1984)
- Dallas v. Stanglin (1989)
- Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston (1995)
- California Democratic Party v. Jones (2000)
- 美國童軍訴戴爾案 (2000)
- Christian Legal Society v. Martinez (2010)
|
|
美國權利請願書 |
|---|
- United States v. Cruikshank (1876)
- Thomas v. Collins (1945)
- Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc. (1961)
- NAACP v. Button (1963)
- Edwards v. South Carolina (1963)
- United Mine Workers v. Pennington (1965)
- Cox v. Louisiana (1965)
- California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited (1972)
- Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees (1979)
- McDonald v. Smith (1985)
- Meyer v. Grant (1988)
- Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation (1999)
- BE and K Construction Co. V. National Labor Relations Board (2002)
- Doe v. Reed (2010)
- Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri (2011)
|
|
