Bulan

Bulan ☾
Full moon in the darkness of the night sky. It is patterned with a mix of light-tone regions and darker, irregular blotches, and scattered with varying sizes of impact craters, circles surrounded by out-thrown rays of bright ejecta.
Full moon
Bulan purnama terlihat dari belahan utara Bumi
Penamaan
Adan alternatif
Wulan, Candra, Lunar
Kruna sifat Basa Inggrislunar, komariah
Karakteristik orbit
Perigee363295 km
(0.0024 AU)
Apogee405503 km
(0.0027 AU)
Sumbu semi-mayor
384399 km
(0.00257 AU)[1]
Eksentrisitas0.0549[1]
Periode orbit
27.321582 h (27 d 7 h 43,1 min[1])
Periode sinodis
29.530589 h (29 d 12 h 44 min 2,9 s)
Kecepatan orbit rata-rata
1.022 km/s
Inklinasi5,145° ke ekliptika[2] (antara 18,29° dan 28,58° ke khatulistiwa Bumi)[1]
Bujur node menaik
Mundur satu revolusi dalam 18,6 tahun
Argumen perigee
Maju satu revolusi dalam 8,85 tahun
Satelit dariBumi
Karakteristik fisik
Radius rata-rata
1737.10 km (0,273 Bumi)[1][3]
1738.14 km (0,273 Bumi)[3]
Radius kutub
1735.97 km (0,273 Bumi)[3]
Kepepatan0.00125
Keliling10921 km (khatulistiwa)
Luas permukaan
3.793×107 km2 (0,074 Bumi)
Volume2.1958×1010 km3 (0,020 Bumi)
Massa7.3477×1022 kg (0.012300 Bumi[1])
Massa jenis rata-rata
3.3464 g/cm3[1]
Gravitasi permukaan
1.622 m/s2 (0.1654 g)
Kecepatan lepas
2.38 km/s
Periode rotasi sideris
27.321582 h (sinkron)
Kecepatan rotasi ekuator
4,627 m/s
Kemiringan sumbu
1,5424° (ke ekliptika)
6,687° (ke bidang orbit)[2]
Albedo0,136[4]
Suhu permukaan min. rata-rata maks.
Khatulistiwa -173º C -53º C 116º C
85°N[5] -203 °C -143º C -43º C
Magnitudo semu
−2,5 sampai −12,9[lower-alpha 1]
−12,74 (rata-rata bulan purnama)[3]
Diameter sudut
29,3 sampai 34,1 menit busur[3][lower-alpha 2]
Atmosfer[6]
Tekanan permukaan
10−7 Pa (siang)
10−10 Pa (malam)[lower-alpha 3]
Komposisi per volumeAr, He, Na, K, H, Rn
Bulan sane marwarna barak miwah jingga, kacingak saking Gumi ritatkala gerhana Bulan, ritatkala Gumi magenah riantara Bulan lan Matahari.

Bulan (simbol: ☾) ento awak astronomi ané mapiteh ngilehin Gumi. Tusing ada satelit alami di Guminé ané lénan tekén Bulan. Bulan ento satelit paling gedé ané ka-5 di tata surya tur satelit paling gedé yén padaang tekén planét ané kailehin. Bulan ento masih satelit paling padet ané ka-2 di tata surya, sasubané Io, satelit Jupitér.[7]

Bulan kawentuk 4,51 milyar tiban ané suba liwat, tusing makelo sasubané Guminé. Manut téori ané paling katerima dinané ené, Bulan kawentuk uli bok muah sisan tabrakan Gumi ajak planét lénan, sagedé Mars, ané maadan Theia.[8]

Pustaka

  1. ↑ Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Arkowitz, Hal (2009). "Lunacy and the Full Moon". Scientific American. Kaaksés 13 April 2010.
  2. ↑ Thieman, J. (2 May 2006). "Eclipse 99, Frequently Asked Questions". NASA. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 2007-02-11. Kaaksés 12 April 2007. Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  3. ↑ Lakdawalla, Emily (13 November 2009). "LCROSS Lunar Impactor Mission: "Yes, We Found Water!"". The Planetary Society. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 2010-01-22. Kaaksés 13 April 2010. Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ "Water and More: An Overview of LCROSS Impact Results". 41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 41 (1533): 2335. 1–5 March 2010. Bibcode:2010LPI....41.2335C.
  5. ↑ Colaprete, A.; Schultz, P.; Heldmann, J.; Wooden, D.; Shirley, M.; Ennico, K.; Hermalyn, B.; Marshall, W; Ricco, A.; Elphic, R. C.; Goldstein, D.; Summy, D.; Bart, G. D.; Asphaug, E.; Korycansky, D.; Landis, D.; Sollitt, L. (22 October 2010). "Detection of Water in the LCROSS Ejecta Plume". Science. 330 (6003): 463–468. Bibcode:2010Sci...330..463C. doi:10.1126/science.1186986. PMID 20966242.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ↑ Hauri, Erik (26 May 2011). "High Pre-Eruptive Water Contents Preserved in Lunar Melt Inclusions". Science Express. 10 (1126): 213. Bibcode:2011Sci...333..213H. doi:10.1126/science.1204626. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  7. ↑ Garrick-Bethell, Ian; Weiss, iBenjamin P.; Shuster, David L.; Buz, Jennifer (2009). "Early Lunar Magnetism". Science. 323 (5912): 356–359. Bibcode:2009Sci...323..356G. doi:10.1126/science.1166804. PMID 19150839.
  8. ↑ Stern, S.A. (1999). "The Lunar atmosphere: History, status, current problems, and context". Rev. Geophys. 37 (4): 453–491. Bibcode:1999RvGeo..37..453S. doi:10.1029/1999RG900005.
  9. ↑ Sridharan, R. (2010). "'Direct' evidence for water (H2O) in the sunlit lunar ambience from CHACE on MIP of Chandrayaan I". Planetary and Space Science. 58 (6): 947. Bibcode:2010P&SS...58..947S. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2010.02.013. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  10. ↑ Hamilton, Calvin J.; Hamilton, Rosanna L., The Moon, Views of the Solar System, 1995–2011
  11. ↑ Amos, Jonathan (16 December 2009). "'Coldest place' found on the Moon". BBC News. Kaaksés 20 March 2010.
  12. ↑ V V Belet︠s︡kiĭ (2001). Essays on the Motion of Celestial Bodies. Birkhäuser. p. 183. ISBN 978-3-7643-5866-2.
  13. ↑ Luciuk, Mike. "How Bright is the Moon?". Amateur Astronomers, Inc. Kaaksés 16 March 2010.
  14. ↑ Lambeck, K. (1977). "Tidal Dissipation in the Oceans: Astronomical, Geophysical and Oceanographic Consequences". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 287 (1347): 545–594. Bibcode:1977RSPTA.287..545L. doi:10.1098/rsta.1977.0159.
  15. ↑ Touma, Jihad (1994). "Evolution of the Earth-Moon system". The Astronomical Journal. 108 (5): 1943–1961. Bibcode:1994AJ....108.1943T. doi:10.1086/117209. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  16. ↑ Sarma, K. V. (2008). "Astronomy in India". Ring Helaine Selin (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (édisi ka-2). Springer. pp. 317–321. ISBN 978-1-4020-4559-2.
  17. ↑ Saal, Alberto E. (2008). "Volatile content of lunar volcanic glasses and the presence of water in the Moon's interior". Nature. 454 (7201): 192–195. Bibcode:2008Natur.454..192S. doi:10.1038/nature07047. PMID 18615079. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  18. ↑ Hall, R. Cargill (1977). "Appendix A: LUNAR THEORY BEFORE 1964". NASA History Series. LUNAR IMPACT: A History of Project Ranger. Washington, D.C.: Scientific and Technical Information Office, NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 10 April 2010. Kaaksés 13 April 2010.
  19. ↑ Coren, M. (26 July 2004). "'Giant leap' opens world of possibility". CNN. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 20 January 2012. Kaaksés 16 March 2010.
  20. ↑ "China's first lunar probe ends mission". Xinhua. 1 March 2009. Kaaksés 29 March 2010.
  21. ↑ "Can any State claim a part of outer space as its own?". United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. Kaaksés 28 March 2010.
  22. ↑ "How many States have signed and ratified the five international treaties governing outer space?". United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. 1 January 2006. Kaaksés 28 March 2010.
  23. ↑ "Do the five international treaties regulate military activities in outer space?". United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. Kaaksés 28 March 2010.
  24. ↑ "Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies". United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. Kaaksés 28 March 2010.
  25. ↑ "The treaties control space-related activities of States. What about non-governmental entities active in outer space, like companies and even individuals?". United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. Kaaksés 28 March 2010.
  26. ↑ "Statement by the Board of Directors of the IISL On Claims to Property Rights Regarding The Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (2004)" (PDF). International Institute of Space Law. 2004. Kaarsipin saking versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2009-12-22. Kaaksés 28 March 2010. Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (help)
  27. ↑ "Further Statement by the Board of Directors of the IISL On Claims to Lunar Property Rights (2009)" (PDF). International Institute of Space Law. 22 March 2009. Kaarsipin saking versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2009-12-22. Kaaksés 28 March 2010. Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (help)
  28. ↑ Marshack, Alexander (1991): The Roots of Civilization, Colonial Hill, Mount Kisco, NY.
  29. ↑ For etymology, see Barnhart, Robert K. (1995). The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology. Harper Collins. p. 487. ISBN 978-0-06-270084-1. For the lunar calendar of the Germanic peoples, see Birley, A. R. (Trans.) (1999). Agricola and Germany. Oxford World's Classics. USA: Oxford. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-19-283300-6.
  30. ↑ "Carved and Drawn Prehistoric Maps of the Cosmos". Space Today Online. 2006. Kaaksés 12 April 2007.
  31. ↑ Pieters, C. M. (2009). "Character and Spatial Distribution of OH/H2O on the Surface of the Moon Seen by M3 on Chandrayaan-1". Science. 326 (5952): 568–72. Bibcode:2009Sci...326..568P. doi:10.1126/science.1178658. PMID 19779151. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  32. ↑ Feldman, W. C. (1998). "Fluxes of Fast and Epithermal Neutrons from Lunar Prospector: Evidence for Water Ice at the Lunar Poles". Science. 281 (5382): 1496–1500. Bibcode:1998Sci...281.1496F. doi:10.1126/science.281.5382.1496. PMID 9727973. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  33. ↑ Taylor, G. Jeffrey (31 December 1998). "Origin of the Earth and Moon". Planetary Science Research Discoveries. Kaaksés 7 April 2010.
  34. ↑ Shearer, C.; et al. (2006). "Thermal and magmatic evolution of the Moon". Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. 60 (1): 365–518. doi:10.2138/rmg.2006.60.4.
  35. ↑ "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature: Planetary Nomenclature FAQ". USGS Astrogeology Research Program. Kaaksés 29 March 2010.
  36. ↑ Barnhart, Robert K. (1995). The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology. USA: Harper Collins. p. 487. ISBN 978-0-06-270084-1.
  37. ↑ "Oxford English Dictionary: lunar, a. and n." Oxford English Dictionary: Second Edition 1989. Oxford University Press. Kaaksés 23 March 2010.
  38. ↑ Binder, A.B. (1974). "On the origin of the Moon by rotational fission". The Moon. 11 (2): 53–76. Bibcode:1974Moon...11...53B. doi:10.1007/BF01877794.
  39. ↑ Stroud, Rick (2009). The Book of the Moon. Walken and Company. pp. 24–27. ISBN 978-0-8027-1734-4.
  40. ↑ Mitler, H.E. (1975). "Formation of an iron-poor moon by partial capture, or: Yet another exotic theory of lunar origin". Icarus. 24 (2): 256–268. Bibcode:1975Icar...24..256M. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(75)90102-5.
  41. ↑ Coulter, Dauna (18 March 2010). "The Multiplying Mystery of Moonwater". Science@NASA. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 2016-05-16. Kaaksés 28 March 2010. Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (help)
  42. ↑ Pahlevan, Kaveh (2007). "Equilibration in the aftermath of the lunar-forming giant impact". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 262 (3–4): 438–449. arXiv:1012.5323. Bibcode:2007E&PSL.262..438P. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.07.055. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  43. ↑ Warren, P. H. (1985). "The magma ocean concept and lunar evolution". Annual review of earth and planetary sciences. 13 (1): 201–240. Bibcode:1985AREPS..13..201W. doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.13.050185.001221.
  44. ↑ Schubert, J. (2004). "Interior composition, structure, and dynamics of the Galilean satellites.". Ring F. Bagenal; et al. (eds.). Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites, and Magnetosphere. Cambridge University Press. pp. 281–306. ISBN 978-0-521-81808-7. Explicit use of et al. in: |editor= (help)CS1 maint: display-authors (link)
  45. ↑ Morais, M.H.M. (2002). "The Population of Near-Earth Asteroids in Coorbital Motion with the Earth". Icarus. 160 (1): 1–9. Bibcode:2002Icar..160....1M. doi:10.1006/icar.2002.6937. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  46. ↑ Spudis, Paul D. (1994). "Ancient Multiring Basins on the Moon Revealed by Clementine Laser Altimetry". Science. 266 (5192): 1848–1851. Bibcode:1994Sci...266.1848S. doi:10.1126/science.266.5192.1848. PMID 17737079. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  47. ↑ Spudis, P.D. (2004). "Moon". World Book Online Reference Center, NASA. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 2007-04-17. Kaaksés 12 April 2007. Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (help)
  48. ↑ Papike, J. (1998). "Lunar Samples". Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. 36: 5.1–5.234. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  49. ↑ Hiesinger, H. (2003). "Ages and stratigraphy of mare basalts in Oceanus Procellarum, Mare Numbium, Mare Cognitum, and Mare Insularum". J. Geophys. Res. 108 (E7): 1029. Bibcode:2003JGRE..108.5065H. doi:10.1029/2002JE001985. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  50. ↑ "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature: Categories for Naming Features on Planets and Satellites". U.S. Geological Survey. Kaaksés 8 April 2010.
  51. ↑ Wilhelms, Don (1987). "Geologic History of the Moon" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. Cite journal requires |journal= (help); |chapter= ignored (help)
  52. ↑ Margot, J. L.; Campbell, D. B.; Jurgens, R. F.; Slade, M. A. (4 June 1999). "Topography of the Lunar Poles from Radar Interferometry: A Survey of Cold Trap Locations". Science. 284 (5420): 1658–1660. Bibcode:1999Sci...284.1658M. doi:10.1126/science.284.5420.1658. PMID 10356393.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  53. ↑ Martel, L. M. V. (4 June 2003). "The Moon's Dark, Icy Poles". Planetary Science Research Discoveries, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology. Kaaksés 12 April 2007.
  54. ↑ Seedhouse, Erik (2009). Lunar Outpost: The Challenges of Establishing a Human Settlement on the Moon. Springer-Praxis Books in Space Exploration. Germany: Springer Praxis. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-387-09746-6.
  55. ↑ "Titanium Paternity Test Says Earth is the Moon's Only Parent (University of Chicago)". Astrobio.net. Kaaksés 2013-10-03.
  56. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 Wieczorek, M.; et al. (2006). "The constitution and structure of the lunar interior". Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. 60 (1): 221–364. doi:10.2138/rmg.2006.60.3.
  57. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Lang, Kenneth R. (2011); The Cambridge Guide to the Solar System, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press
  58. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 Williams, Dr. David R. (2 February 2006). "Moon Fact Sheet". NASA (National Space Science Data Center). Kaaksés 31 December 2008.
  59. ↑ Matthews, Grant (2008). "Celestial body irradiance determination from an underfilled satellite radiometer: application to albedo and thermal emission measurements of the Moon using CERES". Applied Optics. 47 (27): 4981–93. Bibcode:2008ApOpt..47.4981M. doi:10.1364/AO.47.004981. PMID 18806861.
  60. ↑ A.R. Vasavada, D.A. Paige, and S.E. Wood (1999). "Near-Surface Temperatures on Mercury and the Moon and the Stability of Polar Ice Deposits". Icarus. 141 (2): 179. Bibcode:1999Icar..141..179V. doi:10.1006/icar.1999.6175.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  61. ↑ Lucey, P.; Korotev, Randy L.; et al. (2006). "Understanding the lunar surface and space-Moon interactions". Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. 60 (1): 83–219. doi:10.2138/rmg.2006.60.2.
  62. ↑ Schubert, J. (2004). "Interior composition, structure, and dynamics of the Galilean satellites.". In F. Bagenal; et al. (eds.). Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites, and Magnetosphere. Cambridge University Press. k. 281–306. ISBN 978-0-521-81808-7
  63. ↑ "Origin of the Earth and Moon". G. Jeffrey Taylor, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology.

Cutetan

  1. ↑ Terdapat sejumlah asteroid dekat Bumi, termasuk 3753 Cruithne, yang mengko-orbit Bumi: orbit mereka menjauhi Bumi untuk beberapa periode waktu namun kemudian melakukan pengorbitan dalam waktu lama (Morais et al, 2002). Adapula quasi-satelit – mereka bukanlah satelit karena mereka tidak mengorbit Bumi. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, lihat Satelit Bumi lainnya.
  2. ↑ Charon secara proporsional lebih besar untuk ukuran Pluto, tetapi Pluto telah direklasifikasi sebagai planet katai.
  3. ↑ Usia ini dihitung dari penanggalan isotop batuan Bulan.
  4. ↑ Lebih tepatnya, periode sidereal Bulan (bintang tetap ke bintang tetap) adalah 27,321661 hari (27h 07j 43m 11,5d), dan periode orbit tropis rata-ratanya (dari ekuinoks ke ekuinoks) adalah 27,321582 hari (27h 07j 43m 04,7d) (Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris, 1961, pada hal.107).
  5. ↑ Lebih tepatnya, periode sinodis rata-rata Bulan (antara rata-rata konjungsi matahari) adalah 29,530589 hari (29h 12j 44m 02,9d) (Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris, 1961, pada hal.107).
  6. ↑ Magnitudo tampak Matahari adalah −26.7, dan magnitudo tampak bulan purnama adalah −12.7.
  7. ↑ Secara rata-rata, Bulan meliputi area seluas 0,21078 derajat persegi di langit malam.
  8. ↑ Lihat grafik di Matahari#Fase hidup. Saat ini, diameter Matahari meningkat dengan laju sekitar lima persen per miliar tahun. Angka ini hampir sama dengan laju diameter sudut Bulan yang berkurang karena surut dari Bumi.
  9. ↑ Nilai maksimum didasarkan pada skala kecerahan dari nilai -12,74 yang diberikan untuk jarak khatulistiwa ke pusat Bulan, atau 378.000 menurut NASA, hingga jarak minimum Bumi-Bulan yang dicantumkan disini, setelah disesuaikan dengan radius khatulistiwa Bumi, yakni 6.378, sehingga jaraknya adalah 350.600 km. Nilai minimum (saat bulan baru) didasarkan pada skala yang sama dengan menggunakan jarak Bumi-Bulan maksimum, atau 407.000 km, dan dengan menghitung kecerahan cahaya bulan pada saat bulan baru. Kecerahan cahaya bulan adalah Albedo Bumi × (radius bumi / Radius orbit Bulan)2 ] relatif terhadap pencahayaan langsung dari Matahari yang terjadi saat bulan purnama. (Albedo Bumi = 0.367; Radius Bumi = radius (kutub × radius khatulistiwa)½ = 6 367 km.)
  10. ↑ Kisaran nilai ukuran sudut yang dicantumkan berdasarkan pada skala sederhana dari nilai yang terdapat dalam referensi: jarak khatulistiwa Bumi ke pusat Bulan adalah 378.000 km, ukuran sudutnya adalah 1.896 detik busur. Referensi yang sama mencantumkan jarak ekstrem Bumi-Bulan adalah 407.000 km dan 357.km 000. Untuk menentukan ukuran sudut maksimum, jarak minimum harus dikoreksi sesuai dengan radius khatulistiwa bumi, yakni 6.378 km, sehingga hasilnya 350.600 km.
  11. ↑ Lucey et al. (2006) menyatakan 107 partikel cm−3 pada siang hari dan 105 partikel cm−3 pada malam hari. Akibat suhu permukaan khatulistiwa yang mencapai 390 K pada siang hari dan 100 K pada malam hari, hukum gas ideal menghasilkan tekanan yang sebagaimana yang dicantumkan pada kotak info (dibulatkan hingga mendekati urutan magnitudo): 10−7 Pa pada siang hari dan 10−10 Pa pada malam hari.

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