Ernest Rutherford
Ernest Rutherford (30. august 1871 – 19. oktobar 1937) bio je britanski hemičar , koji se smatra ocem nuklearne fizike .
Bio je profesor na fakultetu u Montrealu; direktor odjela za fiziku Univerziteta u Manchesteru (od 1907 .), a od 1919 . direktor Cavendisheva laboratorija u Cambridgeu. Godine 1903 . izabran za člana (1925-30 za predsjednika) Royal society . Nobelovu nagradu za hemiju dobio 1908 . godine. Najprije se bavio proučavanjem radioaktivnih raspada. Prvi je uočio da se zračenje radijuma sastoji od dviju vrsta zraka, koje je nazvao alfa-zrake i beta-zrake te gama-zračenje . Zajedno sa F. Soddyem uveo je pojam vremena poluraspada i formulisao zakone radioaktivnog raspada. Proučavanjem raspršivanja alfa-čestica na atomima Rutherford je došao do zaključka da atom čija je veličina 10−8 cm nije kompaktan djelić materije , nego složen od pozitivne jezgre (veličine 10−12 cm) i elektrona koji kruže oko nje. Rutherford je prvi upotrijebio riječ proton za pozitivno naelektrisanu česticu u jezgri atoma .
Od njega potiče i formula (nazvana njegovim imenom) za raspršivanje alfa-čestica na atomima; kasnije (1925 . godine), Rutherford je utvrdio i odstupanje od te formule do kojeg dolazi kod vrlo bliskih sudara alfa-čestice i jezgre, kad nuklearno međudjelovanje postaje mnogo važnije od električnog.
Godine 1919 . Rutherford je, bombardirajući dušik alfa-česticama izveo prvu pretvorbu (transmutaciju) jednog elementa u drugi. Tako je izvršena prva nuklearna reakcija.
Vanjski linkovi
1900-e 1910-e 1920-e
1920: Walther Hermann Nernst
1921: Frederick Soddy
1922: Francis William Aston
1923: Fritz Pregl
1925: Richard Adolf Zsigmondy
1926: Theodor Svedberg
1927: Heinrich Otto Wieland
1928: Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus
1929: Arthur Harden / Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin
1930-e
1930: Hans Fischer
1931: Carl Bosch / Friedrich Bergius
1932: Irving Langmuir
1934: Harold Clayton Urey
1935: Frédéric Joliot / Irène Joliot-Curie
1936: Peter Debye
1937: Walter Norman Haworth / Paul Karrer
1938: Richard Kuhn
1939: Adolf Butenandt / Lavoslav Ružička
1940-e
1943: George de Hevesy
1944: Otto Hahn
1945: Artturi Ilmari Virtanen
1946: James B. Sumner / John Howard Northrop / Wendell Meredith Stanley
1947: Robert Robinson
1948: Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius
1949: William Francis Giauque
1950-e 1960-e
1960: Willard Frank Libby
1961: Melvin Calvin
1962: Max Ferdinand Perutz / John Cowdery Kendrew
1963: Karl Ziegler / Giulio Natta
1964: Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
1965: Robert Burns Woodward
1966: Robert Mulliken
1967: Manfred Eigen / Ronald George Wreyford Norrish / George Porter
1968: Lars Onsager
1969: Derek H. R. Barton / Odd Hassel
1970-e
1970: Luis F. Leloir
1971: Gerhard Herzberg
1972: Christian B. Anfinsen / Stanford Moore / William H. Stein
1973: Ernst Otto Fischer / Geoffrey Wilkinson
1974: Paul J. Flory
1975: John Warcup Cornforth / Vladimir Prelog
1976: William Nunn Lipscomb Jr.
1977: Ilya Prigogine
1978: Peter D. Mitchell
1979: Herbert C. Brown / Georg Wittig
1980-e
1980: Paul Berg , Walter Gilbert / Frederick Sanger
1981: Kenichi Fukui / Roald Hoffmann
1982: Aaron Klug
1983: Henry Taube
1984: Robert Bruce Merrifield
1985: Herbert A. Hauptman / Jerome Karle
1986: Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee / John C. Polanyi
1987: Donald J. Cram / Jean-Marie Lehn / Charles J. Pedersen
1988: Johann Deisenhofer / Robert Huber / Hartmut Michel
1989: Sidney Altman / Thomas R. Cech
1990-e
1990: Elias James Corey
1991: Richard R. Ernst
1992: Rudolph A. Marcus
1993: Kary B. Mullis / Michael Smith
1994: George A. Olah
1995: Paul J. Crutzen / Mario J. Molina / F. Sherwood Rowland
1996: Robert Curl / Harold Kroto / Richard Smalley
1997: Paul D. Boyer / John E. Walker / Jens C. Skou
1998: Walter Kohn / John A. Pople
1999: Ahmed H. Zewail
2000-e
2000: Alan J Heeger, Alan G MacDiarmid / Hideki Shirakawa
2001: William S. Knowles, Ryoji Noyori / K. Barry Sharpless
2002: Kurt Wüthrich / John B. Fenn / Koichi Tanaka
2003: Peter Agre / Roderick MacKinnon
2004: Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko / Irwin Rose
2005: Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs / Richard R. Schrock
2006: Roger David Kornberg
2007: Gerhard Ertl
2008: Osamu Shimomura / Martin Chalfie / Roger Yonchien Tsien
2009: Venkatraman Ramakrishnan / Thomas A. Steitz / Ada E. Yonath
2010-e
2010: Richard F. Heck / Akira Suzuki / Ei-ichi Negishi
2011: Dan Shechtman
2012: Robert Lefkowitz / Brian Kobilka
2013: Martin Karplus / Michael Levitt / Arieh Warshel
2014: Eric Betzig / Stefan Hell / William Moerner
2015: Tomas Lindahl / Paul Modrich / Aziz Sancar
2016: Jean-Pierre Sauvage / Fraser Stoddart / Ben Feringa
2017: Jacques Dubochet / Joachim Frank / Richard Henderson
2018: Frances Arnold / Greg Winter / George Smith
2019: John B. Goodenough / M. Stanley Whittingham / Akira Yoshino
2020-e
2020: Emmanuelle Charpentier / Jennifer Doudna
2021: David MacMillan / Benjamin List
2022: Carolyn R. Bertozzi / Morten Meldal / Karl Barry Sharpless
2023: Moungi Bawendi / Louis E. Brus / Aleksej Jekimov
17. stoljeće
William Brouncker (1662)
Joseph Williamson (1677)
Christopher Wren (1680)
John Hoskyns (1682)
Cyril Wyche (1683)
Samuel Pepys (1684)
John Vaughan (1686)
Thomas Herbert (1689)
Robert Southwell (1690)
Charles Montagu (1695)
John Somers (1698)
18. stoljeće
Isaac Newton (1703)
Hans Sloane (1727)
Martin Folkes (1741)
George Parker (1752)
James Douglas (1764)
James Burrow (1768)
James West (1768)
James Burrow (1772)
John Pringle (1772)
Joseph Banks (1778)
19. stoljeće
William Hyde Wollaston (1820)
Humphry Davy (1820)
Davies Gilbert (1827)
August Fridrik, vojvoda od Sussexa (1830)
Spencer Compton (1838)
William Parsons (1848)
John Wrottesley (1854)
Benjamin Collins Brodie (1858)
Edward Sabine (1861)
George Biddell Airy (1871)
Joseph Dalton Hooker (1873)
William Spottiswoode (1878)
Thomas Henry Huxley (1883)
George Gabriel Stokes (1885)
William Thomson (1890)
Joseph Lister (1895)
20. stoljeće 21. stoljeće
Robert May (2000)
Martin Rees (2005)
Paul Nurse (2010)
Venki Ramakrishnan (2015)
Adrian Smith (2020)
The article is a derivative under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License .
A link to the original article can be found here and attribution parties here
By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use . Gpedia ® is a registered trademark of the Cyberajah Pty Ltd