Campaigning in the 2024 Indian general election
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All 543 seats in the Lok Sabha 272 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Seats by constituency. As this is a FPTP election, seat totals are not determined proportional to each party's total vote share, but instead by the plurality in each constituency. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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General elections are expected to be held in India between April and May 2024 to elect 543 members of the Lok Sabha.
Background
Contemporary politics and previous election
India has a multi-party system with two major parties, namely the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Indian National Congress, dominating the national politics. Since 2014, the Bharatiya Janata Party has been governing the country with Narendra Modi at the helm. The tenure of the 17th Lok Sabha is scheduled to end on 16 June 2024.[1] The previous general elections were held in April–May 2019. After the election, National Democratic Alliance, led by Bharatiya Janata Party, formed the union government, with Modi continuing as Prime Minister.[2]
Electoral system
Article 83 of the Constitution of India requires elections to the Lok Sabha be held once every five years.[3] All 543 elected MPs are elected from single-member constituencies using first-past-the-post voting.[4] The 104th amendment to the constitution abolished the two seats that were reserved for the Anglo-Indian community.[5]
Eligible voters must be Indian citizens, 18 years or older, an ordinary resident of the polling area of the constituency and registered to vote (name included in the electoral rolls), possess a valid voter identification card issued by the Election Commission of India or equivalent.[6] Some people convicted of electoral or other offenses are barred from voting.[7]
Major election issues
After the consecration of the Ram Mandir in Ayodhya, Hindu nationalistic sentiments have dominated the political sphere in India.[8]
Election schedule
Election schedule for 18th Lok Sabha will be announced by Election Commission of India (ECI). The tenure of 17th Lok Sabha is scheduled to end on 16 June 2024.[9]
| State/Union territory | Total
constituencies |
Election Date(s) |
|---|---|---|
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 1 | |
| Andhra Pradesh | 25 | |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 2 | |
| Assam | 14 | |
| Bihar | 40 | |
| Chandigarh | 1 | |
| Chhattisgarh | 11 | |
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu | 2 | |
| Goa | 2 | |
| Gujarat | 26 | |
| Haryana | 10 | |
| Himachal Pradesh | 4 | |
| Jammu and Kashmir | 5 | |
| Jharkhand | 14 | |
| Karnataka | 28 | |
| Kerala | 20 | |
| Ladakh | 1 | |
| Lakshadweep | 1 | |
| Madhya Pradesh | 29 | |
| Maharashtra | 48 | |
| Manipur | 2 | |
| Meghalaya | 2 | |
| Mizoram | 1 | |
| Nagaland | 1 | |
| NCT of Delhi | 7 | |
| Odisha | 21 | |
| Puducherry | 1 | |
| Punjab | 13 | |
| Rajasthan | 25 | |
| Sikkim | 1 | |
| Tamil Nadu | 39 | |
| Telangana | 17 | |
| Tripura | 2 | |
| Uttar Pradesh | 80 | |
| Uttarakhand | 5 | |
| West Bengal | 42 | |
| Total | 543 |
Parties and alliances
The politics of India has become increasingly bipolar in the run-up to the 2024 Indian general elections with two major alliances emerging; the incumbent National Democratic Alliance and the opposition Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance. There are 6 national parties contesting the 2024 Indian general elections: Bharatiya Janata Party, Indian National Congress, Communist Party of India (Marxist), Bahujan Samaj Party, National People's Party and Aam Aadmi Party with all except the BSP being a part of one of the alliances.
National Democratic Alliance
The National Democratic Alliance abbreviated as NDA (IAST: Rāṣhṭrīya Jānātāntrik Gaṭhabandhan) is a big-tent, mostly centre-right to right-wing political alliance led by the Bharatiya Janata Party.
| Party | State/UT | Seats Contested | Won | +/- | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bharatiya Janata Party[10] | Uttar Pradesh | 74 | TBD | ||||
| West Bengal | 42 | ||||||
| Maharashtra | |||||||
| Bihar | |||||||
| Tamil Nadu | |||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 29 | ||||||
| Gujarat | 26 | ||||||
| Rajasthan | 25 | ||||||
| Andhra Pradesh | |||||||
| Karnataka | 24 | ||||||
| Odisha | |||||||
| Telangana | 17 | ||||||
| Kerala | |||||||
| Jharkhand | 13 | ||||||
| Punjab | |||||||
| Assam | 11 | ||||||
| Chhattisgarh | 11 | ||||||
| Haryana | 10 | ||||||
| NCT of Delhi | 7 | ||||||
| Uttarakhand | 5 | ||||||
| Jammu and Kashmir | 5 | ||||||
| Himachal Pradesh | 4 | ||||||
| Arunachal Pradesh | 2 | ||||||
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu | 2 | ||||||
| Goa | 2 | ||||||
| Manipur | 2 | ||||||
| Meghalaya | 2 | ||||||
| Tripura | 2 | ||||||
| Mizoram | 1 | ||||||
| Puducherry | 1 | ||||||
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 1 | ||||||
| Chandigarh | 1 | ||||||
| Ladakh | 1 | ||||||
| Lakshadweep | 1 | ||||||
| Shiv Sena[11] | Maharashtra | ||||||
| Nationalist Congress Party[12] | Maharashtra | ||||||
| National People's Party[13] | Assam | ||||||
| Meghalaya | |||||||
| Arunachal Pradesh | |||||||
| Manipur | |||||||
| Nagaland | |||||||
| Janata Dal (Secular)[14] | Karnataka | 4 | |||||
| Biju Janata Dal | Odisha | ||||||
| ADMKTUMK [15] | Tamil Nadu | ||||||
| Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi | Tamil Nadu | ||||||
| Tamil Maanila Congress[16] | Tamil Nadu | ||||||
| Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam | Tamil Nadu | ||||||
| Indhiya Makkal Kalvi Munnetra Kazhagam | Tamil Nadu | ||||||
| Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazhagam[17] | Tamil Nadu | ||||||
| Puthiya Needhi Katchi | Tamil Nadu | ||||||
| Janata Dal (United) | Bihar | ||||||
| Arunachal Pradesh | 1 | ||||||
| Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)[18] | Bihar | ||||||
| Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party[19] | Bihar | ||||||
| Hindustani Awam Morcha[20] | Bihar | ||||||
| Rashtriya Lok Morcha[21] | Bihar | ||||||
| Bharath Dharma Jana Sena | Kerala | 4 | |||||
| Apna Dal (Soneylal)[22] | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | |||||
| Asom Gana Parishad[23] | Assam | 2 | |||||
| Rashtriya Lok Dal[24] | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | |||||
| All Jharkhand Students Union[25] | Jharkhand | 1 | |||||
| Kerala Kamaraj Congress | Kerala | 1 | |||||
| Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party[26] | Nagaland | 1 | |||||
| NISHAD Party[27] | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||
| Sikkim Krantikari Morcha[28] | Sikkim | 1 | |||||
| Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party[29] | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||
| United People's Party Liberal[30] | Assam | 1 | |||||
| Jannayak Janta Party | Haryana | ||||||
| Haryana Lokhit Party | Haryana | TBD | |||||
| Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party | Goa | TBD | |||||
| Indigenous People's Front of Tripura | Tripura | TBD | |||||
| Naga People's Front[31] | Nagaland | TBD | |||||
| Republican Party of India (Athawale) | Maharashtra | ||||||
| Rashtriya Samaj Paksha | Maharashtra | ||||||
| Prahar Janshakti Party | Maharashtra | ||||||
| Jan Surajya Shakti | Maharashtra | ||||||
| Gorkha National Liberation Front | West Bengal | ||||||
Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance
The Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance is a big-tent, mostly centre-left to left-wing bloc of opposition parties.[32][33]
| Parties | States/UTs | Seats contested | Seats won | +/- | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indian National Congress | Karnataka | 28 | TBD | ||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 28 | ||||||
| Rajasthan | |||||||
| Gujarat | 24 | ||||||
| Andhra Pradesh | |||||||
| Maharashtra | |||||||
| Odisha | |||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 17 | ||||||
| Kerala | 16 | ||||||
| Telangana | 17 | ||||||
| Assam | |||||||
| Punjab | 13 | ||||||
| West Bengal | |||||||
| Chattisgarh | |||||||
| Haryana | 9 | ||||||
| Tamil Nadu | |||||||
| Bihar | |||||||
| Jharkhand | |||||||
| Uttarakhand | 5 | ||||||
| Himachal Pradesh | 4 | ||||||
| Delhi | 3 | ||||||
| Jammu and Kashmir | |||||||
| Arunachal Pradesh | |||||||
| Manipur | |||||||
| Meghalaya | 2 | ||||||
| Goa | 2 | ||||||
| Tripura | |||||||
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands | |||||||
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu | |||||||
| Ladakh | |||||||
| Lakshadweep | 1 | ||||||
| Nagaland | |||||||
| Sikkim | |||||||
| Chandigarh | 1 | ||||||
| Puducherry | |||||||
| Mizoram | |||||||
| Communist Party of India (Marxist) | West Bengal | TBD | |||||
| Kerala | 15 | ||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 2 | ||||||
| Assam | |||||||
| Andra Pradesh | |||||||
| Bihar | TBD | ||||||
| Odisha | |||||||
| Tripura | |||||||
| Telangana | TBD | ||||||
| Jharkhand | TBD | ||||||
| Samajwadi Party | Uttar Pradesh | 63 | 64 | ||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 1 | ||||||
| All India Trinamool Congress | West Bengal | TBD | |||||
| Assam | TBD | ||||||
| Meghalaya | 2 | ||||||
| Aam Aadmi Party | Punjab | 13 | 23[37] | ||||
| Delhi | 4 | ||||||
| Assam | 3 | ||||||
| Gujarat | 2 | ||||||
| Haryana | 1 | ||||||
| Rashtriya Janata Dal | Bihar | TBD | TBD | ||||
| Jharkhand | TBD | ||||||
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | Tamil Nadu | TBD | TBD | ||||
| Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray) | Maharashtra | TBD | TBD | ||||
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu | |||||||
| Nationalist Congress Party (SP) | Maharashtra | TBD | |||||
| Lakshadweep | TBD | ||||||
| Jharkhand Mukti Morcha | Jharkhand | TBD | TBD | ||||
| Odisha | TBD | ||||||
| West Bengal | TBD | ||||||
| Communist Party of India | Kerala | 4 | TBD | ||||
| West Bengal | TBD | ||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 2 | ||||||
| Andra Pradesh | TBD | ||||||
| Bihar | TBD | ||||||
| Odisha | |||||||
| Manipur | TBD | ||||||
| Chattisgarh | TBD | ||||||
| Jharkhand | TBD | ||||||
| Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation | Bihar | TBD | TBD | ||||
| Jharkhand | TBD | ||||||
| West Bengal | TBD | ||||||
| Revolutionary Socialist Party | West Bengal | TBD | TBD | ||||
| Kerala | 1 | ||||||
| All India Forward Bloc | West Bengal | TBD | TBD | ||||
| Tamil Nadu | TBD | ||||||
| Telangana | TBD | ||||||
| Indian Secular Front | West Bengal | TBD | |||||
| Indian Union Muslim League | Kerala | 2 | 3 | TBD | TBD | ||
| Tamil Nadu | 1 | ||||||
| Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi | Maharashtra | TBD | |||||
| Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | Jammu and Kashmir | ||||||
| Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party | Jammu and Kashmir | TBD | |||||
| Kerala Congress (J) | Kerala | 1 | |||||
| Kerala Congress (M) | Kerala | 1 | |||||
| Peasants and Workers Party of India | Maharashtra | TBD | |||||
| Swabhimani Paksha | Maharashtra | TBD | |||||
| Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi | Tamil Nadu | 1 | |||||
| Manithaneya Makkal Katchi | Tamil Nadu | TBD | |||||
| Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | Tamil Nadu | TBD | |||||
| Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi | Tamil Nadu | TBD | |||||
| Apna Dal (Kamerawadi) | Uttar Pradesh | TBD | |||||
| Rashtriya Loktantrik Party | Rajasthan | TBD | |||||
Other major parties and alliances
Bahujan Samaj Party leader Mayawati announced that her party will contest the election on its own strength in most states and ally with other non-BJP, non-Congress parties in Telangana and Haryana.[38]
On 11 May 2023, Biju Janata Dal leader and Chief Minister of Odisha Naveen Patnaik said that his party will go solo for the Lok Sabha polls.[39]
Party campaigns
National Democratic Alliance
Bharatiya Janata Party
The national executive meeting of BJP held on 16 and 17 January 2023 saw the party reaffirm its faith in Prime Minister Narendra Modi and extend the tenure of BJP national president J. P. Nadda.
Charting out the BJP's strategy for the upcoming polls, PM Modi in his speech to party workers said they should reach out to every section of society, including the marginalised and minority communities, “without electoral considerations”.[43]
Following the 2023 Legislative Assembly elections, Modi debuted the slogan "Modi Ki Guarantee" for the 2024 polls.[44]
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has announced its first list of 195 candidates on 02 March 2024.[45][46]
Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance
The bloc's first joint rally was held in Patna, Bihar on 3 March 2024. The rally saw, among others, Congress president Mallikarjun Kharge, party leader Rahul Gandhi, Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) chief Lalu Prasad Yadav, former Bihar deputy chief minister Tejashwi Yadav, Samajwadi Party supremo Akhilesh Yadav, and senior Left leaders Sitaram Yechury and D. Raja. Kharge attacked Kumar for frequently changing alliances and criticised the BJP for not fulfilling its promise of jobs and neglecting the country's poor and the majority.[47]
Indian National Congress
The Congress campaign was launched from Nagpur at a huge rally in which over 1 million people were expected to have attended in Nagpur, Maharashtra on 28 December 2023.[48] This rally also marked the 138th Congress Foundation Day and was being held to energise the party cadre for the 2024 Indian general election.[49] Party workers from all over the state are called to join the rally.[50][51]
On 14 January, the party launched its Bharat Jodo Nyay Yatra,[52] a sequel to the Bharat Jodo Yatra held the previous year.[53] The yatra started in Thoubal, Manipur and will end in Mumbai on 20 March 2024.[52] It will cover 6,713 kilometres (4,171 miles) across 14 states.[54]
Communist Party of India (Marxist)
Communist Party of India (Marxist) began the election campaign in Kerala after announcing 15 candidates in the state.
Rashtriya Janata Dal
The Rashtriya Janata Dal began its campaign with its Jan Vishwas Yatra ("People's Trust Yatra") on 20 February 2024. RJD leader Tejashwi Yadav launched the yatra from Muzaffarpur in Bihar. The yatra will last till 1 March 2024 and will have covered 33 districts.[55][56] In Siwan on 23 February, Yadav termed the BJP "a dustbin" which takes in other parties that have become "garbage".[57][58]
Party manifestos
Indian National Congress
On 7 March, at Banswara, Rajasthan,[59] Congress leader Rahul Gandhi announced the Congress Party's "Youth Manifesto", in which the party named a separate list of promises especially regarding the youth to attend their grievances.[60][61]
- Right to Employment (Apprenticeship): Any diploma holder or college graduate under 25 can demand formal employment for a year and they will get it.[62]
- The 30 lakh (3 million) vacancies in government jobs will be filled.
- Measures to bring transparency in government job recruitment.
- ₹5,000 crore (US$605,000) fund for startups under Yuva Roshni (Bright Youth)
- Standardisation of the government recruitment exam process, outsourcing of exams will be stopped.
- One-year apprenticeship of ₹1 lakh (US$1,210) for diploma holders upto the age of 25.
- Stringent laws to get rid of paper leaks, punishment against those responsible.
- Social security for gig workers.
- Legal guarantee on MSP for farmers.
Candidates
The prime ministerial candidate for the 2024 general election of the NDA alliance is the incumbent Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi.[63] Whereas, the prime ministerial candidate of the INDIA bloc will be decided after the 2024 polls.[64]
Surveys and polls
According to the Times Now-ETG Research survey released on 3 February 2024, 64% of participants preferred the incumbent Narendra Modi (BJP) as the next Prime Minister of India. Rahul Gandhi (INC) was the second-most preferred at 17%.[65]
Opinion polls
| Polling agency | Date published | Sample size | Margin of Error | Lead | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NDA | I.N.D.I.A. | Others | |||||
| Zee News-Matrize | February 2024[66] | 167,843 | ±2% | 43.6 | 27.7 | 24.9 | 15.9 |
| India Today-CVoter | February 2024[67] | 149,092[68] | ±3-5% | 45 | 38 | 17 | 8 |
| Times Now-ETG | February 2024[69] | 156,843[70] | ±2% | 41.8 | 28.6 | 29.6 | 13.2 |
| ABP-CVoter | December 2023[71] | 200,000 | ±3-5% | 42 | 38 | 20 | 4 |
| Times Now-ETG | December 2023[72][73] | 147,231[74] | ±3% | 44 | 39 | 17 | 5 |
| India TV-CNX | October 2023[75][76] | 54,250 | ±3% | 43.4 | 39.1 | 17.5 | 4.3 |
| Times Now-ETG | October 2023[77] | 135,100[78] | ±3% | 42.6 | 40.2 | 17.2 | 2.4 |
| August 2023[79][80] | 110,662[81] | ±3% | 42.6 | 40.2 | 17.2 | 2.4 | |
| India Today-CVoter | August 2023[82] | 160,438 | ±3-5% | 43 | 41 | 16 | 2 |
| I.N.D.I.A. alliance is formed | |||||||
| India Today-CVoter | January 2023[83] | 140,917 | ±3-5% | 43 | 30 | 27 | 13 |
| 2019 election results | 45.3% | 27.5% | 27.2% | NDA | |||
| Polling agency | Date published | Sample size | Margin of Error | Lead | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NDA | I.N.D.I.A. | Others | |||||
| Zee News-Matrize | February 2024 | 167,843 | ±2% | 377 | 94 | 72 | NDA |
| India Today-CVoter | February 2024[84] | 149,092[85] | ±3-5% | 335 | 166 | 42 | NDA |
| Times Now-ETG | February 2024[86] | 156,843 | ±2% | 366 | 104 | 73 | NDA |
| ABP-CVoter | December 2023[71] | 200,000 | ±3-5% | 295-335 | 165-205 | 35-65 | NDA |
| Times Now-ETG | December 2023[72][73] | 147,231 | ±3% | 319-339 | 148-168 | 52-61 | NDA |
| India TV-CNX | October 2023[75][76] | 54,250 | ±3% | 315 | 172 | 56 | NDA |
| Times Now-ETG | October 2023[77] | 135,100 | ±3% | 297-317 | 165-185 | 57-65 | NDA |
| August 2023[79][80] | 110,662 | ±3% | 296-326 | 160-190 | 56-64 | NDA | |
| India Today-CVoter | August 2023 | 160,438 | ±3-5% | 306 | 193 | 54 | NDA |
| I.N.D.I.A. alliance is formed | |||||||
| India Today-CVoter[83] | January 2023 | 140,917 | ±3-5% | 298 | 153 | 92 | NDA |
| 2019 election results | 354 | 93 | 96 | NDA | |||
See also
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