A-lú-mih

**A-lú-mih, ₁₃Al**
	; A-lú-mih ê kng-phó͘ sòaⁿ (spectral lines)
Ki-pún sèng-chit
Miâ, hû-hō	a-lú-mih, Al
Phian-miâ	aluminum (US)
Gōa-hêng	kim-sio̍k-khoán phú-gîn-sek
A-lú-mih tī chiu-kî-piáu lāi ê ūi-tì
	magnesium ← a-lú-mih → ke-sò͘
Goân-chú-hoan	13
Goân-chú-liōng (±)	26.9815385(7)
Goân-sò͘ lūi-pia̍t	āu-kòe-tō͘ kim-sio̍k; ū-sî hong hun chò lūi-kim-sio̍k
Cho̍k, hun-khu	13 cho̍k, p khu
Chiu-kî	tē 3 chiu-kî
Tiān-chú pâi-lia̍t	[Ne] 3s2 3p1
per shell	2, 8, 3
Bu̍t-lí sèng-chit
Siòng	kò͘-thé
Iûⁿ-tiám	933.47 K (660.32 °C, 1220.58 °F)
Hut-tiám	2743 K (2470 °C, 4478 °F)
Bi̍t-tō͘ (sek-un)	2.70 g·cm−3
	2.375 g·cm−3
Iûⁿ-hoà-jia̍t	10.71 kJ·mol−1
Cheng-hoat-jia̍t	284 kJ·mol−1
Jia̍t-iông-liōng	24.20 J·mol−1·K−1
Goân-chú sèng-chit
Sng-hòa-sò͘	+3, +2, +1, −1, −2 (an amphoteric oxide)
Tiān-hū-tō͘	Pauling scale: 1.61
Tiān-lī-lêng	1st: 577.5 kJ·mol−1 ; 2nd: 1816.7 kJ·mol−1 ; 3rd: 2744.8 kJ·mol−1 ; (more)
Goân-chú pòaⁿ-kèng	empirical: 143 pm
Kiōng-kè pòaⁿ-kèng	121±4 pm
Van der Waals pòaⁿ-kèng	184 pm
Cha̍p-lio̍k
Chiⁿ-thé kò͘-chō	face-centered cubic (fcc)
Siaⁿ-sok (sòe kùn-á)	(rolled) 5000 m·s−1 (at r.t.)
Jia̍t-phòng-tiòng	23.1 µm·m−1·K−1 (at 25 °C)
Jia̍t-thoân-tō-lu̍t	237 W·m−1·K−1
Tiān-chó͘-lu̍t	28.2 nΩ·m (at 20 °C)
Chû-sèng	paramagnetic
Young hē-sò͘	70 GPa
Shear hē-sò͘	26 GPa
Bulk hē-sò͘	76 GPa
Poisson pí	0.35
Mohs ngē-tō͘	2.75
Vickers ngē-tō͘	160–350 MPa
Brinell ngē-tō͘	160–550 MPa
CAS teng-kì pian-hō	7429-90-5
Le̍k-sú
Chhui-chhek	Antoine Lavoisier (1787)
Siōng chá hû-lî	Hans Christian Ørsted (1825)
hō-miâ	Humphry Davy (1807)
Chòe ún-tēng ê tông-ūi-sò͘
	Chú bûn-chiong: a-lú-mih ê tông-ūi-sò͘

A-lú-mih^[7] (hoà-ha̍k hû-hō: Al, Bí-kok Eng-gí: Aluminum), mā hō lú (鋁, lū, lī), koh ū hō hoân-sò͘ (礬素) he̍k-chiá sī khin-gîn (輕銀), sī 1 chióng hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘.

A-lú-mih chiàm tē-kiû tē-khak 8.3%, hong-hù ê thêng-tō͘ pâi tē-3, tī si-lí-khóng āu-piah.^[8]

Le̍k-sú

A-lú-mih sī Friedrich Wohler tī 1827 nǐ hun-lî chhut--lâi. Chóng-sī bô sûn ê hêng-sek tī chìn-chêng tio̍h ū Hans Christian Oersted chò--chhut-lâi. Tī che í-chêng, lâng mā chai-iáⁿ i chûn-chāi tī hoân (礬) lāi-bīn.^[8]

Hòa-ha̍k

A-lú-mih châi-liāu khòng hú-si̍t (seⁿ-sian) ê lêng-le̍k bē-bái, in-ūi tan-sûn ê kim-sio̍k tú tio̍h khong-khì ê sî, tī piáu-bīn thang seⁿ chhut chi̍t têng sng-hòa a-lú-mih, ē-tàng bián tit chìn chi̍t-pō͘ ê sng-hòa,^[9] che kòe-têng hō chò pī-tōng-hòa (passivation). Siōng ngē ê a-lú-mih ha̍p-kim khòng seⁿ-sian ê lêng-le̍k khah kē, in-ūi kap tâng ê ha̍p-kim ū galvanic hoán-èng thang hoat-seng.^[10] Iông-chúi ê iâm-lūi ē-tàng kiám-chió chia ê khòng hú-si̍t lêng-le̍k, te̍k-pia̍t sī kap kî-tha kim-sio̍k chò-hóe chhut-hiān ê sî.

Tī kiông sng-tō͘ ê iông-e̍k lāi, a-lú-mih ē kap chúi hoán-èng seⁿ chhut chúi-sò͘, nā tī kiông alkaline tang-tiong, ē seⁿ chhut a-lú-mih-sng-iâm (aluminates), tī pún chōng-hóng ē-té pó-hō͘-sèng ê pī-tōng-sèng bô sáⁿ chok-iōng. Che chú-iàu sī hō͘ iông-kái ê iâm-hòa-bu̍t (chlorides), pí-lūn iâm-hòa sodium, hú-si̍t--khì, mā in-ūi an-ne, chhù-lāi ê phòe-kóng sī bô leh ēng a-lú-mih chè-chō.^[11]

Chóng-sī, in-ūi it-poaⁿ khòng hú-si̍t ê lêng-le̍k, a-lú-mih sī chió-sò͘ ē-tàng tī hún-chit ê chêng-hêng koh pó-chhî gîn-á-khoán hoán-kng ê kim-sio̍k, che hō͘ i thang chò gîn-sek chhat-liāu ê sêng-hun. A-lú-mih chò piáu-bīn ê kiàⁿ, nā tī 200–400 nm (UV) kap 3,000–10,000 nm (hn̄g IR) hoān-ûi, ū kim-sio̍k tang-tiong siāng koân ê hoán-kng-sèng (reflectance); nā tī 400–700 nm khó-kiàn-kng hoān-ûi lāi sī sió-khóa pí siah kap gîn khah kē, koh nā 700–3000 nm (kīn IR), sī su hō͘ gîn, kim, kap tâng.^[12]

A-lú-mih tī 280 °C í-hā un-tō͘ ê chúi ni̍h ē hō͘ sng-hòa, sán-seng chúi-sò͘, chúi-hòa a-lú-mih, kap jia̍t:

2 Al + 6 H₂O → 2 Al(OH)₃ + 3 H₂

Pún choán-ōaⁿ tùi chè-chō chúi-sò͘ ū lī-ek. Chóng-sī, siū tio̍h pī-tōng-sèng sng-hòa chiâⁿ-chân éng-hióng ē chó͘-gāi hoán-ēng, koh kiam ūi tio̍h têng seⁿ kim-sio̍k a-lú-mih ê lêng-goân, che kòe-têng ê siōng-gia̍p lī-ēng ū khùn-lân.^[13]

Seng-sán kap liān-chè

**Sè-kài thâu-miâ ê chho͘-ki̍p a-lú-mih seng-sán-chiá, 2016 nî**^[14]
Kok-ka	Sán-chhut (chheng tòng)
Tiong-kok	31,873
Lō͘-se-a	3,561
Ka-ná-tah	3,208
Ìn-tō͘	2,896
A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok	2,471
Ò-chiu	1,635
Nô͘-ui	1,247
Bahrain	971
Saudi Arabia	869
Bí-kok	818
Pa-se	793
Lâm-hui-kok	701
Peng-tó	700
Chóng-kè	58,800

Seng-sán a-lú-mih sī chin hùi lêng-goân--ê, chiū an-ne seng-sán-chiá tiāⁿ kā chè-liān-só͘ siat tī tiān-le̍k chhiong-chio̍k kiam sio̍k-kè ê só͘-chāi.^[15] Chiàu 2012 nî ê sò͘-jī, thong-sè-kài siāng tōa ê a-lú-mih chè-liān-só͘ tī siat tī Tiong-kok, Lō͘-se-a, Bahrain, A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok (UAE), kap Lâm-hui-kok.^[16] Tī 2016 nî, chiàu kok-ka lâi sǹg Tiong-kok sī sán-liōng siāng tōa--ê, chiàm 55 pha-sén ê gia̍h; sòa--lo̍h-lâi sī Lō͘-se-a, Ka-ná-tah, Ìn-tō͘, kap UAE.^[14]

Bayer-sek chè-têng

Hoân-thô͘ (bauxite) thang keng-kòe Bayer-sek chè-têng choán chhut sng-hòa a-lú-mih. Hoân-thô͘ kòe kiáu hō͘ cho͘-sêng it-chè kiam kòe-bôa. Kiáu--chhut-lâi ê nî-chiuⁿ (slurry) kap chúi-hòa sodium (sodium hydroxide) iông-e̍k saⁿ-lām; lām-hó-sè liáu-āu koh keng-kòe khah koân khì-ap ê chhù-lí, kā chúi-hòa sodium kái-sek chhut--lâi, jî-chhiá kā goân-pún bô sûn ê mi̍h choán chò siong-tùi put-iông-kái-sèng ê hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t:^[17]

Al(OH)₃ + Na⁺ + OH⁻ → Na⁺ + [Al(OH)₄]⁻

Keng-kòe chit hāng hoán-èng, nî-chiuⁿ tng tī pí tāi-khì hut-tiám (boiling point) koân ê un-tō͘. Kā ap-le̍k kàng-kē, pâi chhut cheng-khì thang kā ūn-tō͘ kàng-kē. Liáu-āu hoân-thô͘ ê tái ài ka pun lî-khui. Bô kò͘-thé ê iông-e̍k, koh ka-ji̍p sè lia̍p chúi-hòa a-lú-mih ê kiat-chiⁿ chò chéng-chí; che thang chō-sêng [Al(OH)₄]⁻ lî-chú thoat chò chúi-hòa a-lú-mih. Chit-pòaⁿ ê a-lú-mih chhut--lâi liáu-āu, saⁿ-lām ê chè-phín sàng kòe pun-lūi. Chúi-hòa a-lú-mih ê sè lia̍p kiat-chiⁿ hông kéng--chhut-lâi chò chéng-chí; chho͘-lia̍p-á hông piàn chò sng-hòa a-lú-mih; kî-tha ê iông-e̍k koh keng-kòe cheng-liū sóa cháu, sûn-hòa (nā su-iàu), kap hôe-siu.^[17]

Lī-ēng

Kim-sio̍k

A-lú-mih sī hui-thih kim-sio̍k (non-ferrous metal) tang-tiong siāng phó͘-phiàn hông lī-ēng--ê.^[18] Thong-sè-kài ê a-lú-mih seng-sán tī 2016 nî ū 58.5 pah-bān tòng. Che sī tû liáu thih (1,231 pah-bān tòng) í-gōa siāng koân--ê.^[14]

A-lú-mih chha-put-to lóng sī chò ha̍p-kim ê hong-sek leh ēng, che thang kái-chìn i-ê ki-hâi sèng-chit, te̍k-pia̍t sī kòe-jia̍t (tempering) chhù-lí ê sî-chūn. Pí-lūn a-lú-mih po̍h (aluminium foil) kap ím-liāu ê koàn-thâu kan-á, it-poaⁿ sī 92% kàu 99% a-lú-mih ê ha̍p-kim.^[19] Ēng lâi lām a-lú-mih ha̍p-kim ê châi-liāu, chú-iàu ū tâng, a-iân (zinc), magnesium, manganese kap ke-sò͘ (chi̍t chióng sán-phín kiò duralumin), chham chiàm tam̄-po̍h pha-sén tāng-liōng ê kî-tha kim-sio̍k.^[20]

A-lú-mih kim-sio̍k chòe chú-iàu ê lī-ēng ū:^[21]

Ūn-su (chū-tōng-chhia, hui-hêng-ki, tho͘-lá-kuh, hóe-chhia chhia-siuⁿ, kiâⁿ-hái ūn-su-khì, to̍k-lián-chia, thài-khong-chûn, tt.). A-lú-mih tī chia ê lī-ek sī kē bi̍t-tō͘ ê sèng-chit;
Pau-chong (koàn-thâu, a-lú-mih po̍h, kheng-á tt.). A-lú-mih tī chiá ê lī-ek sī bû-to̍k, bû khip-le̍k (non-adsorptive), kiam hông chha̍k ji̍p ê lêng-le̍k;
Kiàn-siat (thang-á, mn̂g, chhù-kheng (siding), chhù-kin (building wire), chhù-piah (sheathing), chhù-téng, tt.). In-ūi kǹg-thih kè-siàu khah sio̍k, a-lú-mih sī ēng tī khah iau-kiû khin, hông seⁿ-sian, ia̍h kî-tha kang-têng te̍k-sèng ê sî;
Tiān-khì koan-liân lī-ēng (tó-thé ha̍p-kim, moh-tah kap hoat-tiān-ki, piàn-ap-khì, tiān-iông-khì, tt.). A-lú-mih tī chia ê lī-ek sī siong-tùi khah sio̍k, koân tó-tiān-sèng, thang chiap-siū ê ki-hâi kiông-tō͘ kiam kē bi̍t-tō͘, kap khòng seⁿ-sian;
Chē khoán chhù-lāi ke-si, tùi chú-chia̍h ke-si kàu ka-khū. Kē bi̍t-tō͘, gōa-piáu hó-sè, kan-tan chè-chō hêng-thé, kap tòng-kú ê sèng-chit sī a-lú-mih tī chia ê lī-ek;
Ki-hâi kap chong-pī (chhù-lí chong-pī, kóng-lō͘, ke-si). A-lú-mih tī chia ê lī-ek sī hông seⁿ-sian, bē hoat-hóe (non-pyrophoricity), kiam ki-hâi kiông-tō͘.
A-lú-mih gîn-kak-á mā ū ēng chō sè-hāng gîn-gia̍h ê thong-hòe, in-ūi chè-chō sêng-pún kē, kiām kim-sio̍k pún-sin kè-ta̍t (bullion value) kē ê sèng-chit.

Hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t

Chin tōa pō͘-hūn (tāi-iok 90%) ê sng-hòa a-lú-mih (aluminium oxide) sī hông choán chò kim-sio̍k a-lú-mih.^[17] In-ūi sǹg chiâⁿ ngē ê châi-liāu (Mohs ngē-tō͘ 9),^[22] sng-hòa a-lú-mih tiāⁿ ēng chò géng-châi (abrasive);^[23] mā in-ūi hòa-ha̍k-siōng hui-siông ê bô-hoán-èng sèng-chit, chit-ê mih sek-ha̍p ēng tī koân hoán-èng-sèng ê khoan-kéng, chhin-chhiūⁿ ko-ap sodium teng-hóe tang-tiong.^[24]

Chham-chiàu

↑ Standard Atomic Weights 2013. Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
↑ Aluminium monoxide
↑ Aluminium iodide
↑ Lide, D. R. (2000). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds" (PDF). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (81st pán.). CRC Press. ISBN 0849304814.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 "Aluminum". Los Alamos National Laboratory. 3 March 2013 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ "13 Aluminium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. 2008-09-12 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ Tâi-oân koàn-sì tha̍k a-lú-mih
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Harold M. Cobb, pian. (2012). "aluminum". Dictionary of Metals. ASM International. ISBN 978-1-61503-978-4.
↑ Vargel, Christian (2004) [French edition published 1999]. Corrosion of Aluminium. Elsevier. ISBN 0-08-044495-4. Goân-pún bāng-ia̍h Pó-chûn tī 21 May 2016.
↑ Polmear, I. J. (1995). Light Alloys: Metallurgy of the Light Metals (3 pán.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-340-63207-9.
↑ Beal, Roy E. (1 January 1999). Engine Coolant Testing : Fourth Volume. ASTM International. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-8031-2610-7. Goân-pún bāng-ia̍h Pó-chûn tī 24 April 2016.
↑ Macleod, H. A. (2001). Thin-film optical filters. CRC Press. pp. 158–159. ISBN 0-7503-0688-2.
↑ "Reaction of Aluminum with Water to Produce Hydrogen" (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy. 1 January 2008. goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī 14 September 2012 hőng khó͘-pih.
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 Brown, T. J.; Idoine, N. E.; Raycraft, E. R.; et al. (2018). World Mineral Production: 2012–2016. British Geological Survey. ISBN 978-0-85272-882-6.
↑ Brown, T. J. (2009). World Mineral Production 2003–2007. British Geological Survey.
↑ "Top 10 Largest Aluminium Smelters In The World - Gulf Business". Gulf Business (ēng Eng-gí). 2013. 2018-06-25 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ ^17.0 ^17.1 ^17.2 Hudson, L. Keith; Misra, Chanakya; Perrotta, Anthony J.; et al. (2005). "Aluminum Oxide". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH.
↑ "Aluminum". Encyclopædia Britannica. Goân-pún bāng-ia̍h Pó-chûn tī 12 March 2012. 6 March 2012 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ Millberg, L. S. "Aluminum Foil". How Products are Made. Goân-pún bāng-ia̍h Pó-chûn tī 13 July 2007. 11 August 2007 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ Lyle, J. P.; Granger, D. A.; Sanders, R. E. (2005). "Aluminum Alloys". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a01_481.
↑ Davis, Joseph R. (1993). Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys (ēng Eng-gí). ASM International. pp. 13–17. ISBN 9780871704962.
↑ Lumley, Roger (2010). Fundamentals of Aluminium Metallurgy: Production, Processing and Applications. Elsevier Science. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-85709-025-6.
↑ Mortensen, Andreas (2006). Concise Encyclopedia of Composite Materials. Elsevier. p. 281. ISBN 978-0-08-052462-7.
↑ The Ceramic Society of Japan (19 October 2012). Advanced Ceramic Technologies & Products. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 541. ISBN 978-4-431-54108-0.

Koan-liân

Goân-sò͘ ê pió

Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: Aluminium

[IUPAC-1] Standard Atomic Weights 2013. Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights

[2] Aluminium monoxide

[3] Aluminium iodide

[4] Lide, D. R. (2000). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds" (PDF). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (81st pán.). CRC Press. ISBN 0849304814.

[losalamos-5] 5.0 ^5.1 "Aluminum". Los Alamos National Laboratory. 3 March 2013 khòaⁿ--ê.

[6] "13 Aluminium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. 2008-09-12 khòaⁿ--ê.

[7] Tâi-oân koàn-sì tha̍k a-lú-mih

[aluminum-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Harold M. Cobb, pian. (2012). "aluminum". Dictionary of Metals. ASM International. ISBN 978-1-61503-978-4.

[CorrAl-9] Vargel, Christian (2004) [French edition published 1999]. Corrosion of Aluminium. Elsevier. ISBN 0-08-044495-4. Goân-pún bāng-ia̍h Pó-chûn tī 21 May 2016.

[Polmear1995-10] Polmear, I. J. (1995). Light Alloys: Metallurgy of the Light Metals (3 pán.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-340-63207-9.

[Beal1999-11] Beal, Roy E. (1 January 1999). Engine Coolant Testing : Fourth Volume. ASTM International. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-8031-2610-7. Goân-pún bāng-ia̍h Pó-chûn tī 24 April 2016.

[12] Macleod, H. A. (2001). Thin-film optical filters. CRC Press. pp. 158–159. ISBN 0-7503-0688-2.

[13] "Reaction of Aluminum with Water to Produce Hydrogen" (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy. 1 January 2008. goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī 14 September 2012 hőng khó͘-pih.

[BGS2018-14] 14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 Brown, T. J.; Idoine, N. E.; Raycraft, E. R.; et al. (2018). World Mineral Production: 2012–2016. British Geological Survey. ISBN 978-0-85272-882-6.

[WMP-15] Brown, T. J. (2009). World Mineral Production 2003–2007. British Geological Survey.

[16] "Top 10 Largest Aluminium Smelters In The World - Gulf Business". Gulf Business (ēng Eng-gí). 2013. 2018-06-25 khòaⁿ--ê.

[UllmannOxide-17] 17.0 ^17.1 ^17.2 Hudson, L. Keith; Misra, Chanakya; Perrotta, Anthony J.; et al. (2005). "Aluminum Oxide". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH.

[18] "Aluminum". Encyclopædia Britannica. Goân-pún bāng-ia̍h Pó-chûn tī 12 March 2012. 6 March 2012 khòaⁿ--ê.

[19] Millberg, L. S. "Aluminum Foil". How Products are Made. Goân-pún bāng-ia̍h Pó-chûn tī 13 July 2007. 11 August 2007 khòaⁿ--ê.

[20] Lyle, J. P.; Granger, D. A.; Sanders, R. E. (2005). "Aluminum Alloys". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a01_481.

[21] Davis, Joseph R. (1993). Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys (ēng Eng-gí). ASM International. pp. 13–17. ISBN 9780871704962.

[Lumley2010-22] Lumley, Roger (2010). Fundamentals of Aluminium Metallurgy: Production, Processing and Applications. Elsevier Science. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-85709-025-6.

[Mortensen2006-23] Mortensen, Andreas (2006). Concise Encyclopedia of Composite Materials. Elsevier. p. 281. ISBN 978-0-08-052462-7.

[Japan2012-24] The Ceramic Society of Japan (19 October 2012). Advanced Ceramic Technologies & Products. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 541. ISBN 978-4-431-54108-0.

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